B.T.M. performed computational work; J.M., N.L.K., D.H.B., R.S.B., L.B.T., M.S.D., R.H.C. and J.E.C.
supervised the research; and S.J.Z., P.G., R.H.C. and J.E.C. wrote the first draft of the paper. All
authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests R.S.B. has served as a consultant for Takeda and Sanofi Pasteur on issues
related to vaccines. M.S.D. is a consultant for Inbios, Vir Biotechnology, NGM
Biopharmaceuticals and Eli Lilly; is on the Scientific Advisory Board of Moderna; is a past
recipient of an unrelated research grant from Moderna; and is a current recipient of an
unrelated research grant from Emergent BioSolutions. J.E.C. has served as a consultant for
Sanofi; is on the Scientific Advisory Boards of CompuVax and Meissa Vaccines; is a recipient of
previous unrelated research grants from Moderna and Sanofi; and is a founder of IDBiologics.
Vanderbilt University has applied for patents concerning SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that are
related to this work. AstraZeneca has filed patents for materials and findings that are related to
this work. J.J.S., K.R., Y.-M.L. and N.L.K. are employees of AstraZeneca and currently hold
AstraZeneca stock or stock options. M.J.H. is a member of a data safety monitoring board for
AstraZeneca and a founder of NuPeak Therapeutics. All other authors declare no competing
interests.Additional information
Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-
2548-6.
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.H.C. or J.E.C.
Peer review information Nature thanks Linda Saif and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for
their contribution to the peer review of this work. Peer reviewer reports are available.
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