the following year; see Vilcabamba). This is not to deny the symbolic and
psychological impact of Sacsahuaman, or its valence as a sacred place, aspects
that must have entered into its design as much as defensive considerations. For
the Incas, there was apparently no contradiction between these functions.
Further Reading
Alconini, S. “The Dynamics of Military and Cultural Frontiers on the Southeastern Edge of the Inka
Empire.” In Untaming the Frontier in Anthropology, edited by B. J. Parker and L. Rodseth, 115–46.
Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2005.
Almeida Reyes, E. Estudios Arqueológicos en el Pucara de Rumicucho (II Etapa). Quito: Museos del
Banco Central de Ecuador, 1999.
Arkush, E. N. Hillforts of the Ancient Andes. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2011.
D’Altroy, T. N. The Incas. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2014.
D’Altroy, Terence N., Verónica I. Williams, and Ana María Lorandi. “The Inkas in the Southlands.” In
Variations in the Expression of Inka Power, edited by Richard L. Burger, Craig Morris, and Ramiro
Matos Mendieta, 85–134. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research, 2007.
Hyslop, John. Inka Settlement Planning. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
Plaza Schuller, F. La incursión Inca en el septentrional andino ecuatoriano. Otavalo, Ecuador: Instituto
Otavaleño de Antropología, 1976.
Raffino, R., and Stehberg, R. “Tawantinsuyu: The Frontiers of the Inca Empire.” In Archaeology in Latin
America, edited by G. G. Politis and B. Alberti, 168–83. London: Routledge, 1999.
■ELIZABETH ARKUSH