actors and histories rather than Inca visions of imperial order, indicate that the
Incas by privilege actively sought to bolster their status and negotiate their
authority during and after the Inca reign.
Further Reading
Bauer, Brian S. Ancient Cuzco: Heartland of the Inca. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004.
Betanzos, Juan de. Narrative of the Incas. Translated and edited by Roland Hamilton and Dana Buchanan.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996 [1551–1557].
Cobo, Bernabé. History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indian’s Customs and Their Origin, Together
with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions. Translated and edited by Roland
Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979 [1653].
Garcilaso de la Vega, El Inca. Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru. Translated by
Harold V. Livermore. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1966 [1609].
Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe. The First New Chronicle and Good Government: On the History of the
World and the Incas up to 1615. Translated by Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2009
[1615].
Urton, Gary. The History of a Myth: Pacariqtambo and the Origin of the Inkas. Austin: University of Texas
Press, 1990.
Zuidema, R. Tom. Inca Civilization in Cuzco. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1990.
■STEVE KOSIBAINVASION, SPANISH
The seemingly unlikely “conqueror” of the Inca Empire was an unschooled,
illegitimate son of a lower-level noble from Extremadura, Spain. Without much
of a future in Spain, Francisco Pizarro emigrated to America, where he spent
time in the Caribbean and joined Vasco Núñez de Balboa’s 1513 march across
the isthmus of Panama. Thereafter, he was present at the founding of the city of
Panama and was rewarded for his aid in the wars with the Natives and other
services to the king with an encomienda (grant of Native labor and tribute),
making him a well-to-do settler.