accounting centers apparently reported their information directly to the head
knot keepers of their respective suyu, in Cuzco. Archives of knot records were
reportedly maintained in the various provincial accounting centers, as well as in
the capital.
It is important to note that, while the decimal administration appears to have
been more or less well developed in Chinchaysuyu, the large quadrant of the
empire located to the northwest of Cuzco, the same cannot be said for the region
of Collasuyu. In this vast quarter of the empire, located southeast of Cuzco and
including the Lake Titicaca region and other Aymara-speaking areas of present-
day Bolivia and northern Chile, there appears to have been active resistance to
Inca attempts to impose the decimal organization.
Further Reading
Covey, R. A. “Inka Administration of the Far South Coast of Peru.” Latin American Antiquity 11, no. 2:
119–38, 2000.
Julien, C. J. “How Inca Decimal Administration Worked.” Ethnohistory 35, no. 3: 257–79, 1988.
LeVine, T. Y. “Inka Labor Service at the Regional Level: The Functional Reality.” Ethnohistory 34, no. 1:
14–46, 1987.
Morris, C. “Inka Strategies of Incorporation and Governance.” In Archaic States, edited by G. Feinman and
J. Marcus. Santa Fe, NM: Schools of American Research, 1998.
Murra, J. V. “The Mit’a Obligations of Ethnic Groups to the Inca State.” In The Inca and Aztec States,
1400–1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D.
Wirth, 237–62. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
Pärssinen, Martti. Tawantinsuyu: The Inca State and Its Political Organization. Studia Historica 43.
Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society, 1992.
Rowe, J. H. “Inca Policies and Institutions Relating to the Cultural Unification of the Empire.” In The Inca
and Aztec States, 1400–1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo,
and John D. Wirth, 93–118. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
Urton, G. “La administración del estado inca por medio de los quipus.” In Señores de los Imperios del Sol,
edited by K. Makowski, 93–110. Lima: Banco de Crédito, 2010.
Urton, G., and C. J. Brezine. “Information Control in the Palace of Puruchuco: An Accounting Hierarchy in
a Khipu Archive from Coastal Peru.” In Variations in the Expression of Inka Power, edited by Richard
Burger, Craig Morris, and Ramiro Matos, 357–84. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2007.
Zuidema, R. T. “Bureaucracy and Systematic Knowledge in Andean Civilization.” In The Inca and Aztec
States, 1400–1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John
D. Wirth, 419–58. New York: Academic Press, 1982.
■GARY URTON
ALBORNOZ, CRISTÓBAL DEFamed for his efforts at investigating and attempting to stamp out native
“idolatries” in Cuzco, Arequipa, and Ayacucho, Albornoz was born in