Dean, Carolyn. “The Inka Married the Earth: Integrated Outcrops and the Making of Place.” Art Bulletin
89, no. 3: 502–18, 2007.
———. A Culture of Stone: Inka Perspectives on Rock. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010.
Farrington, Ian S. Cusco: Urbanism and Archaeology in the Inka World. Gainesville: University Press of
Florida, 2013.
Gasparini, G., and L. Margolies. Inca Architecture. Translated by P. J. Lyon. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1980.
Kendall, A. Aspects of Inca Architecture. Part 1, Description, Function, and Chronology. Part 2,
Description, Function and Chronology. Oxford: B.A.R. International Series, 1984.
Malpass, M. A., ed. Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the
Inca State. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993.
Moorehead, E. L. “Highland Inca Architecture in Adobe.” Ñawpa Pacha, no. 16: 65–94, 1978.
Morris, C. “Enclosures of Power: The Multiple Spaces of Inka Adminstrative Palaces.” In Palaces of the
Ancient New World, edited by S. T. Evans and J. Pillsbury, 299–324. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks
Research Library and Collection, 2004.
Morris, C., and D. E. Thompson, Huánuco Pampa: An Inca City and Its Hinterland. London: Thames and
Hudson, 1985.
Nair, S. Of Remembrance and Forgetting: The Architecture of Chinchero, Peru from Thupa Inka to the
Spanish Occupation. Doctoral Dissertation, Architecture, University of California at Berkeley, 2003.
———. “Inca Architecture and the Conquest of the Countryside.” In Architecture—Design Methods—Inca
Structures, edited by J. Dehlinger and H. Dehlinger, 114–25. Kassel: Kassel University Press, 2009.
———. At Home with the Sapa Inca: Architecture, Space, and Legacy at Chinchero. Austin: University of
Texas Press, 2015.
Niles, S. “Architectural Form and Social Function in Inca Towns near Cuzco.” In Current Archaeological
Projects in the Central Andes: Some Approaches and Results. Vol. 210, edited by A. Kendall, 205–33.
Oxford: B.A.R. International Series, 1984.
———. Callachaca: Style and Status in an Inca Community. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1987.
———. “Inca Architecture and the Sacred Landscape.” In The Ancient Americas: Art from Sacred
Landscapes, edited by R. F. Townsend, 346–57. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, 1992.
———. “The Provinces in the Heartland: Stylistic Innovation and Architectural Variation near Cuzco.” In
Provincial Inca: Archaeological and Ethnohistorical Assessment of the Impact of the Inca State, edited
by M. Malpass, 145–76. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993.
Protzen, J.-P. Inca Architecture and Construction at Ollantaytambo. New York: Oxford University Press,
1993.
———. “Inca Architecture.” In The Inca world: The Development of Pre-Columbian Peru, A.D. 1000–
1534 , edited by C. Bákula, L. Laurencich Minelli, and M. Vautier, 193–217. Norman: University of
Oklahoma Press, 2000.
■STELLA NAIR
ARITHMETIC
Most of what is known about Inca arithmetic results either from modern study of
the Inca accounting device, known as the quipu, or from the analysis of
mathematical principles incorporated into Inca buildings and other structures.
Quipus were designed to permit the recording of numerical values in the base-
10, place-value numeration system that was characteristic of Quechua, the
lingua franca of state administration in the Inca Empire. Studies of quipu