ciated with the method of construction, in which the ship-
builder first sets up the frame of the ship and then attaches
the planking to the frame (as opposed to the northern
technique of clinker-building, in which ships have their
planking nailed together first and the frame inserted after-
ward). The caravel as developed by the Portuguese from
around 1430 had a high degree of maneuverability.
Cardano, Girolamo (1501–1576) Italian physician and
mathematician
Born at Pavia, the illegitimate son of a Milanese lawyer,
Cardano was educated at the universities of Pavia and
Padua. After practicing and teaching medicine in Milan
and Pavia (1524–50), he spent some time traveling in
France and Britain. While in London in 1552 he demon-
strated his astrological skill by predicting that the ailing
EDWARD VIwould have a long life (he actually died in 1553
at the age of 16). On his return to Italy he held chairs of
medicine in Milan, Pavia, Bologna, and Rome. Despite his
conflict with TARTAGLIA, Cardano was a mathematician of
considerable originality. His Ars magna (1545) is recog-
nized as the first modern algebra text, while he was also
one of the earliest writers to tackle problems in probabil-
ity theory. Among his many books, the best known are the
encyclopedic De subtilitate (1550) on the natural sciences,
augmented and supplemented by De varietate rerum
(1557), and the dramatic and revealing account of his life,
De vita propria liber (1643; translated as The Book of My
Life, 1931).Cariani, Giovanni Busi (1485/90–c. 1547) Italian
painter
Cariani was born near Bergamo and became a pupil of
Gentile Bellini. He worked mainly in Venice, initially in
the style of his teacher and those of the great Venetian
masters GIORGIONE, TITIAN, and PALMA VECCHIO, with the
result that a number of pictures attributed to these masters
are now thought by some to be his work. An example is
the two heads in the Louvre, Paris, supposedly by Bellini.
Cariani’s first and last recorded paintings (1514 and 1541)
are both lost, but some of his portraits and religious paint-
ings have survived, as well as fragments of frescoes in
Bergamo.Carlo Emanuele I (1562–1630) Duke of Savoy
(1580–1630)
The son of Emanuel Philibert (see SAVOY, HOUSE OF), Carlo
Emanuele pursued his father’s ambitions to make Savoy a
major Italian power and involved the duchy in frequent
wars. He annexed some territory, but constant warfare
strained the duchy’s finances; among other enterprises, he
took advantage of the conflict between France and Spain
to make some gains for Savoy, but then failed in his attack
on Geneva (1602). Carlo Emanuele promoted commercial
development and made his court at Turin a center of cul-
ture.Carlstadt, Andreas (Andreas von Bodenstein)
(c. 1480–1541) Academic, preacher, and radical reformist,
born in Carlstadt, Bavaria
He was awarded a theology doctorate at WITTENBERGin
1510 but excommunicated in 1520. His reputation for in-
novation was sealed on Christmas Day 1521, when he cel-
ebrated a vernacular Mass. He pressed for greater reform
than that favored by his sometimes friend, sometimes op-
ponent, LUTHER, campaigning against traditional Catholic
predilections for iconography, infant baptism, ostentatious
vestments, the existence of Purgatory, and priestly
celibacy. For Carlstadt, the communion rite was merely a
symbolic remembrance. Frequently harassed by political
authorities, he spent his last years in effective asylum in
Switzerland.Carmelites, Reform of the The movement, originating
in Spain, to restore the “primitive rule” in the houses of
the Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel. By the mid-16th
century, the Carmelite friars and sisters had largely de-
parted from the original austerity prescribed for the order
in 1209, some 50 years after its foundation. In 1562 St.
TERESAfounded a small enclosed community of nuns at9900 CCaarrddaannoo,, GGiirroollaammooGirolamo CardanoA woodcut from his Practica arithmetica
et mensurandi singularis (1539), one of the most influential
16th-century studies of arithmetic.