ERASMUSand ADRIAN VI. Hegius produced a number of
works which were published posthumously but his im-
portance rests more on his teaching methods. He rejected
the formalism of medieval scholastic education and in-
sisted on the need to go directly to the classical texts. Al-
though Hegius stressed the importance of Greek, his
knowledge of the language was considerably inferior to
his grasp of Latin.
Heidelberg A city in southwest Germany on the River
Neckar. Probably of 12th-century origins, the city was the
capital of the Rhenish Palatinate until 1720. Heidelberg
has the oldest university in Germany, founded by Elector
Palatine Rupert I and chartered by Pope Urban VI in 1386.
In the second half of the 15th century the university was
a center of humanist studies, where Rudolf AGRICOLA
(“the father of German humanism”) taught Greek. By
1540 Heidelberg was described as the most Lutheran city
in Germany. The Elector Palatine Frederick III the Pious
made the Palatinate a haven for persecuted Calvinists and
the university taught Calvinist youth from all over Eu-
rope. In 1562 Frederick III supported the promulgation of
the HEIDELBERG CATECHISM, hoping it would provide the
basis for a reconciliation between the different Protestant
groups. Although no reconciliation was achieved the cat-
echism is still widely used. Notable buildings from the Re-
naissance period that have survived the Thirty Years’ War
and the French sack (1693) include 16th-century addi-
tions to the medieval castle, the church of the Holy Ghost
(1400–36), the Marstall (1590), and the Haus zum Ritter
(1592). Almost nothing remains of the famous gardens
laid out at the castle by Salomon de CAUSbetween 1615
and 1619.
See also: PALATINA, BIBLIOTHECA
Heidelberg Catechism (1562) A reformed confession of
faith, written by Kaspar Olevianus and Zacharias Ursinus,
both of Heidelberg. It maintained the doctrines of CALVIN
and J. H. BULLINGER, but moderately expressed to concili-
ate the Lutherans. It was accepted by the annual synod of
the Palatinate in 1563 and at DORTin 1619, and was trans-
lated into English in 1572.
Helmschmied family (Kolman family) A family of
Augsburg armorers, successive generations of which
worked for emperors and princes from the last quarter of
the 15th century. Their work is signed with the mark of a
helmet. Lorenz Helmschmied (1445–1516) made a com-
plete set of ARMORfor horse and rider for Emperor Fred-
erick III (1477; Vienna) and in 1491 was appointed chief
armorer to Frederick’s son Maximilian (I), for whom he
made many fine pieces. Lorenz’s son Kolman (1471–
1532), who worked independently from 1500, produced
complete garnitures for Charles V, such as the “K.D.” gar-
niture (c. 1526), parts of which survive in the Armería
Real, Madrid. The family workshop’s tradition of creating
richly decorated parade armor was further developed by
Kolman’s son Desiderius (1513–c. 1578) under the pa-
tronage of Philip II.Helvetic Confessions (1536, 1562) Two confessions of
faith of the Reformed Church in Switzerland. The earlier
was compiled by J. H. BULLINGER, Oswald MYCONIUS, and
others. It is sometimes referred to as the second Confes-
sion of BASLE. The second was written by Bullinger, and a
revised version was published in 1566 as the official creed
of the Swiss cantons. By 1578 it had been adopted by sev-
eral reformed churches.Henri II style A movement in the visual arts in France
during the reign (1547–59) of HENRY II. Succeeding FRAN-
CIS Ias patron at FONTAINEBLEAU, Henry II continued to
foster the ideals of the Italian Renaissance by favoring
French artists who had assimilated Italian concepts and
adapted them to traditional French modes. Talented
French architects such as Pierre LESCOTand Philibert DE-
LORME were employed upon the building of major
châteaux, such as those at St.-Maur (1541) and Anet
(1547–52), while the beginning of the construction of the
TUILERIESwas instrumental in the creation of an entirely
new school of French decoration. As well as architecture,
other fields in which French artists developed a national
style based upon Italian ideals included tapestries and
medals.Henri IV style A movement in French architecture asso-
ciated with the reign (1589–1610) of HENRY IV. A noted
patron of the arts, Henry revolutionized contemporary at-
titudes towards town planning through his pragmatic re-
development of Paris, overseeing such projects as the
building of the Pont-Neuf (begun 1599), and the laying
out of extensive public squares, notably the Place
Dauphine (begun 1607). Henry also developed his ideas
about architecture through a number of major building
projects, such as the Cours des Offices at FONTAINEBLEAU
(1606–09) and the Place Royale (planned in 1603).Henry II (1519–1559) King of France (1547–59)
The second son of FRANCIS I, Henry became dauphin on
the death of his elder brother in 1536. His marriage
(1533) to CATHERINE DE’ MEDICIgave him four sons (Fran-
cis II, Charles IX, HENRY III, FRANCISof Alençon), but he
neglected Catherine in favor of his mistress, DIANE DE
POITIERS. Henry reformed his administration and estab-
lished the chambre ardente to stamp out heresy. His Edict
of Écouen (1559) paved the way for harsh measures
against HUGUENOTS. Henry’s foreign policy was dominated
by the continuing war against the HAPSBURGS, mainly in
Spain and northeast France. By the Treaty of Chambord
(1552) he helped German Protestant princes against22334 4 HHeeiiddeellbbeerrgg