entific use with the development of the pendulum clock in
the late 17th century.
See also: WATCHES
Further reading: Gerhard Horn von Rossum, A His-
tory of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders,
transl. Thomas Dunlap (Chicago, Ill.: University of
Chicago Press, 1996); David S. Landes, Revolution in Time:
Clocks and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge,
Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1983).
horsemanship See EQUITATION
Hosius, Stanislaus (Stanislaus Hosen) (1504–1579)
Polish churchman
Hosius studied law in his native Cracow and subsequently
at Bologna and Padua. Having been ordained priest in
1543, he was appointed bishop of Kulm (1549) and then
of Ermland (1551). In his struggle with the Protestants in
his diocese he approved the use of force against them. This
course of action was based on his conviction that Catholi-
cism was the only true Christianity; Hosius attempted to
prove this in his Confessio catholicae fidei christiana
(1552–53), a work that was frequently reprinted and
translated in the next 25 years. In 1558 he was summoned
to Rome to advise the pope about Poland and Prussia. Two
years later he became papal nuncio to Emperor Ferdinand
I and reclaimed his son (later Emperor Maximilian II) for
the Roman Church. He was made a cardinal in 1561 and
attended the Council of Trent as papal legate. He died at
Capranica, near Rome.22444 4 hhoorrsseemmaannsshhiippHorology A woodcut of a 16th-century
water clock, appearing in De solaribus
horologiis et quadrantibus(editor Jean
Fine; 1560).