Hospitalers See KNIGHTS HOSPITALER
Hothby, John (c. 1410–1487) English music theorist and
composer
Hothby was a Carmelite monk who traveled through Ger-
many, France, Spain, and northern Italy. He had settled at
Lucca by 1467, becoming choirmaster, teacher, and chap-
lain at the cathedral there. He died on his way back to
England. Nine of his compositions survive, but he is re-
membered as a theorist. His treatises include texts on the
rudiments of music, musica speculativa, notably his Cal-
liopea legale, and polemical works, such as Dialogus Jo-
hannis Ottobi Anglici in arte musica, in which he attacks
the ideas of RAMOSand defends traditional foundations of
music.
Houtman, Cornelis (died 1598) Dutch explorer
Houtman was a key figure in the Dutch exploration move-
ment inspired by LINSCHOTENthat resulted in the forma-
tion of the DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY. In 1595 Houtman
headed a four-ship expedition which sailed from Texel in
search of trade routes to Asia. Although his voyage was
disrupted by illness, he eventually arrived at Java. After
exploring the surrounding area and visiting Bantam,
Houtman was imprisoned because the native inhabitants
and the Portuguese merchants there resented the presence
of the Dutch, and on his release his crew insisted on sail-
ing home rather than trying their luck elsewhere. The voy-
age cost Houtman one ship and two-thirds of his men. He
attempted a second voyage in 1598, during which he was
killed by the inhabitants of Sumatra.
The first account of the 1595 voyage, by an anony-
mous crew member on Houtman’s ship Hollandia was
published in autumn 1597 as Verhael vande Reyse by de
Hollandtsche Schepen gedaen naer Oost Indien (as Descrip-
tion of a Voyage Made by Certaine Ships of Holland into the
East Indies, 1598). A revised and expanded edition, Jour-
nael Vande Reyse der Hollandtsche Schepen ghedaen in Oost
Indien (Journal of the Voyage of the Dutch Ships to the
East Indies), came out early in 1598, with French, Latin,
and German translations the same year. However, the
most successful narrative of this important voyage was
that by Willem LODEWYCKSZ.
Howard, Henry, Earl of Surrey See SURREY, HENRY
HOWARD, EARL OF
Howard, Thomas, 2nd Earl of Arundel (1585–1646)
English art collector and patron
Son of the stubbornly Roman Catholic Philip Howard,
who died (1595) in the Tower of London for his faith,
Thomas spent his youth deprived of his lands and titles
until the accession of James I, who restored his titles. Mar-
riage to an heiress enabled him to make his way at court
and undertake travel on the Continent (1609), where he
discovered his interest in art. He was a patron of Inigo
JONES, who traveled in his entourage to Italy in 1613–14.
During this visit the earl carried out an archeological dig
in Rome to search for antiquities, and the statuary he ob-
tained in Italy formed the nucleus of the influential col-
lection known as the Arundel Marbles (donated 1667 to
the University of Oxford; Ashmolean Museum, Oxford).
Although James made him earl marshal (1621), the
enmity of the royal favorite George Villiers, Duke of Buck-
ingham (1592–1628) caused him to fall into temporary
disfavor on Charles I’s accession. In 1636 Charles sent
Arundel on an abortive embassy to Emperor Fredinand II
to request the return of the Palatinate to Charles’s nephew,
the son of the WINTER KING; the journey was recorded by
another of Arundel’s protégés, the Bohemian artist
Wenceslaus Hollar (1607–77). Arundel amassed a re-
nowned gallery of paintings at Arundel House, London, in
addition to antique statuary, marble fragments, gems,
coins, medals, and books. His zeal for collecting is docu-
mented in his correspondence with his agents in Europe
and the Levant, including Sir Thomas Roe (c. 1581–
1644), ambassador to Constantinople in the 1620s, and
while typical of a Renaissance grandee Arundel in his role
as collector is also a precursor of the 18th-century Grand
Tourist.
Further reading: Mary F. S. Hervey, The Life, Corre-
spondence and Collections of Thomas Howard, Earl of Arun-
del (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1921).Huber, Wolfgang (c. 1490–1553) German artist
One of the masters of the DANUBE SCHOOL, he was born in
Feldkirch (Vorarlberg) and was probably Albrecht ALT-
DORFER’s assistant around 1510. Like him, Huber fre-
quently depicted poetic landscapes in both drawings and
paintings. He also made some experiments in figure com-
position and perspective, but is chiefly remembered for
his studies of wind-blown trees and views of the Danube
valley. From 1515 he worked in Passau, incurring the dis-
like of the local painters. He was also a notable draftsman
and engraver.Hudson, Henry (died 1611) English navigator
Engaged by the MUSCOVY COMPANYto search for a direct
route to the spice islands via the north pole, he made his
first, inevitably abortive, voyage in 1607. After an attempt
the following year on the NORTHEAST PASSAGE, he switched
allegiance to the DUTCH EAST INDIA COMPANY, which again
dispatched him northeastward. When his crew refused to
continue in that direction he sailed west across the At-
lantic, reaching Nova Scotia, then turning south and ex-
ploring the lower reaches of the river that bears his name.
In 1610 he led an English attempt on the NORTHWEST PAS-
SAGE; the ship was frozen in over winter in James Bay and
in June 1611 mutinous sailors set Hudson adrift in a small
boat, never to be seen again. Hudson’s luckless voyagesHHuuddssoonn,, HHeennrryy 2 24455