brary of Renaissance Florence: Niccolò Niccoli, Cosimo de’
Medici and the Library of San Marco (Padua, Italy: An-
tenore, 1972).
Ligorio, Pirro (c. 1500–1583) Italian architect
Born in Naples, Ligorio is best known for his work
(1550–69) on the Villa d’Este at Tivoli, which he designed
for his patron Cardinal Ippolito d’Este. Incorporating both
landscape features and a terraced garden, Ligorio’s plan
shows the influence of both Bramante and Raphael and
has survived largely intact. Ligorio also built (1558–62)
the Casino in the Vatican gardens for Pope Pius IV, but was
later dismissed as MICHELANGELO’s successor at St. Peter’s
after altering Michelangelo’s designs (1565). He was also
known as a painter and an antiquarian, although he was
suspected of forging certain Roman antiquities. Several of
Ligorio’s buildings were also adorned with stucco decora-
tions by him, including the Casino in the Vatican.
Ligozzi, Jacopo (c. 1547–1626) Italian painter
Ligozzi was born in Verona but moved to Florence, where
he became a court painter to the Medici (1575). In this
role he painted scenes from Florentine history for the
Palazzo Vecchio, Florence. His paintings in Ognissanti,
Florence, show his characteristic use of warm color. He
was also a fine draftsman, noted for his detailed pen draw-
ings, some of which are in the Ashmolean Museum, Ox-
ford.
Lily, William (c. 1468–1522) English educationist
Born at Odiham, Hampshire, Lily was the godson of
William GROCYN. He entered Magdalen College, Oxford
(1486), graduated there, and then traveled to Jerusalem,
pausing on his return journey to study Greek and Latin in
Italy. He was the friend of Sir Thomas MORE, with whom
he collaborated in the translation of Greek epigrams into
Latin elegiacs (Progymnasmata, 1518), and of John COLET,
who appointed him first high-master of St. Paul’s School,
London (1512). His Latin syntax with rules in English,
Grammatices rudimenta, was published with Colet’s Aedi-
tio in 1527, and in revised forms this volume was the stan-
dard Latin grammar in England for over two centuries.
Linacre, Thomas (c. 1460–1524) English physician and
humanist
Linacre was born at Canterbury and educated at Oxford.
He then spent several years in Italy, where he met many
humanist scholars and studied Greek in Florence and
medicine in Padua. To promote the revival of classical
learning he translated works of Aristotle, Galen, and Pro-
clus from Greek into Latin. He also published Latin gram-
mars, one of which was reprinted some 50 times before
the end of the 16th century. Linacre’s own career was ad-
vanced through his service at court, first (1500–02) as
tutor to Henry VII’s eldest son, Arthur, and then as physi-
cian (from 1509) to HENRY VIII, and finally tutor (1523) to
Princess Mary. Many eminent statesmen and scholars were
among his patients and friends. His most lasting contribu-
tion remains, however, his foundation (1518) of the Col-
lege of Physicians, forerunner of the Royal College of
Physicians.lingua cortigiana See ITALIAN LANGUAGE; QUESTIONE
DELLA LINGUALinschoten, Jan Huyghen van (1563–1611) Dutch
traveler and author
A native of Haarlem, Linschoten is famous for his epic
journey to India (1583–88) as clerk to the archbishop of
Goa, during which he gathered information about the
lands bordering the Indian and western Pacific oceans.
This was published in his Itinerario (1595–96), which
combines his personal observations with material ob-
tained from others. The drawings illustrating his work are
among the earliest accurate depictions of Asian lands and
peoples to reach a European readership. He also made a
two-year stay (1589–91) in the Azores following a ship-
wreck, and while at Flores he collected first-hand evi-
dence of the battle there between England and Spain in
1591 involving Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge. Later
he played a major role in promoting Holland’s search for a
NORTHEAST PASSAGE, accompanying Willem BARENTSon
his second voyage (1595), which he described in his Jour-
nalen (1601). He died at Enkhuizen.
The Linschoten-Vereeniging, founded in 1908 to pub-
lish Dutch travel accounts, is named in honor of him.
Further reading: Charles McKew Parr, Jan van Lin-
schoten: The Dutch Marco Polo (New York: Crowell, 1964);
Ernst Van Den Boogaart, Civil and Corrupt Asia: Image and
Text in the Itinerario and Icones of Jan Huygen van Lin-
schoten (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2003).Lippi, Filippino (1457/58–1504) Italian painter
The son of Fra Filippo LIPPI, by whom he was trained in
Spoleto, Filippino was born at Prato and moved at the age
of 12, after his father’s death, to Florence. There he be-
came the pupil of BOTTICELLI, whose influence is evident
in early paintings attributed to him. He was commissioned
to paint the Annunciation on two tondi in San Gimignano
(now in the Pinacoteca there) in 1483 and then received a
major commission in 1484 to complete the frescoes along-
side those of MASACCIOin the Brancacci chapel of Sta.
Maria del Carmine, Florence. The Vision of St. Bernard
(1486; Badia, Florence) is generally considered his mas-
terpiece.
Filippino’s frescoes in the Strozzi chapel in Sta. Maria
Novella illustrate his later style and his interest in classi-
cal art. In 1488 he went to Rome where he decorated the
Caraffa chapel in Sta. Maria sopra Minerva. His popularity
was then at its height and he was asked to replace the Ado-LLiippppii,, FFiilliippppiinnoo 2 28811