tracted a marriage that was generally considered biga-
mous. Charles V seized his moment to attack in 1546 and
Philip had little choice but to capitulate, remaining a pris-
oner until 1555. He was restored to Hesse after the Peace
of AUGSBURGbut never regained his position of regional
leadership. He was succeeded by his son, WILLIAM(IV) THE
WISE.
Philips, Peter (c. 1560–1628) English composer and
organist
Philips sang in the choir of St. Paul’s Cathedral as a boy. In
1582 he fled to Rome because of his Catholicism, and was
received there at the ENGLISH COLLEGE, of which he be-
came organist. In 1585 Philips entered the service of Lord
Thomas Paget, and in the next five years traveled through
Italy, Spain, and France, settling in Brussels in 1589. On
the death of Paget (1590) Philips moved to Antwerp. In
1593, returning from a visit to hear SWEELINCKplay in
Amsterdam, he was arrested on suspicion of being party to
a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth. He was released,
and in 1597 entered the Brussels household of Archduke
Albert, where he remained until the archduke’s death in
- Philips was probably the most famous English com-
poser in northern Europe. His collections of madrigals
and motets were reprinted many times in Antwerp; these
are Roman in style, with Italianate word-painting and
polyphony. Philips also wrote much keyboard music,
some of which is preserved in the Fitzwilliam Virginal
Book. This belongs to the English tradition, the most in-
ventive pieces being those based on madrigals and chan-
sons.
Philip the Bold (Philippe le Hardi) (1342–1404) Duke
of Burgundy (1363–1404) and count of Flanders
(1384–1404)
The title of “the Bold” was given him for his conduct at
the battle of Poitiers (1356), after which he accompanied
his father, John II of France, into captivity in England.
When the duke of Burgundy died without an heir, his do-
mains reverted to the French crown, and John II granted
the duchy to Philip in 1363. Philip’s domains were further
enlarged through his marriage (1369) to Margaret, heiress
of Flanders, Artois, and Franche-Comté. During the mi-
nority (1380–88) of his nephew, Charles VI of France,
Philip was regent. When Charles went mad in 1392 Philip
resumed the regency and, despite the rival claim of the
duke of Orleans (Charles VI’s brother), virtually ruled
France until his death. He fought England and the Nether-
lands, and tried to heal the GREAT SCHISM within the
Church. In 1383 Philip founded the Chartreuse de
Champmol, Dijon, to be the burial place of the Burgun-
dian ducal dynasty and hired the sculptor Claus SLUTERto
adorn it.
Further reading: Richard Vaughan, Philip the Bold:
The Formation of the Burgundian State (London: Longman,
1962; new ed. Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell & Brewer,
2002).Philip the Good (Philippe le Bon) (1396–1467) Duke of
Burgundy (1419–67)
Philip succeeded his assassinated father, John the Fearless.
During his reign the Burgundian court was the most
splendid in Europe and his domains enjoyed their greatest
eminence and prosperity, but he failed to create a national
state out of his inheritance. The splendor and chivalric as-
pirations of his court were most clearly expressed in his
institution of the Order of the GOLDEN FLEECE(1429) to
honor his marriage to Isabella of Portugal. Jan van EYCK
was the most famous of the artists associated with Philip’s
court, and the composer Gilles de BINCHOISwas for many
years attached to the ducal chapel. Philip was an ally of
England from 1420 to 1435, recognizing Henry VI of Eng-
land as king of France, but subsequently he supported the
French king. When the dauphin, later Louis XI, fled
(1456) from his father, Philip gave him asylum, and later
recognized his accession (1461). Philip was much trou-
bled by rebellions in the Netherlands, most notably in
Ghent (1432, 1448, 1453).
Further reading: Richard Vaughan, Philip the Good:
The Apogee of Burgundy (Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1970;
new ed. Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell & Brewer, 2002).philosophy See ARISTOTELIANISM, RENAISSANCE; NATURAL
PHILOSOPHY; NEOPLATONISM, RENAISSANCE; PLATONISM, RE-
NAISSANCEphysic gardens See BOTANIC GARDENSPiagnoni (Italian, “Snivellers”) The derogatory name
given to the most devout supporters of SAVONAROLA. See
ARRABBIATI.Piarists (Latin Regulares pauperes Matris Dei scholarum
piarum) A teaching order founded in Rome in 1602 by the
Spanish priest (later St) Joseph Calasanctius (1556–1648).
It grew from his work among the neglected and homeless
children of the city, for whom he had set up a free el-
ementary school in 1597. In 1621 Pope Gregory XV rec-
ognized the Piarists as an order, whose members took a
vow to dedicate themselves to the teaching of children. It
subsequently flourished in many parts of southern Europe
and spread from Spain to Latin America.picaresque novel In 16th- and 17th-century Spain, a
popular realistic episodic narrative in autobiographical
form relating the life of a rogue (pícaro) in a corrupt
world, with moral or religious reflections giving the final
views of the repentant sinner. LAZARILLO DE TORMES
(1554) established the model of lowlife first-person narra-
tor, but typical picaresque novels are later in date, for ex-33774 4 PPhhiilliippss,, PPeetteerr