ogy exercised a significant influence on the doctrinal de-
velopment of the Anglican Church (in the THIRTY-NINE AR-
TICLES). It also took a firm hold among the early
nonconformist groups, who carried it with them to North
America.
Further reading: R. T. Kendall, Calvin and English
Calvinism to 1649 (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press,
1979; new ed. Carlisle, U.K.: Paternoster, 1997); Diar-
muid MacCulloch, Reformation: Europe’s House Divided
1490–1700 (London: Allen Lane, 2003), as The Reforma-
tion: A History(New York: Penguin Viking, 2004); E.
William Monter, Calvin’s Geneva (New York: Wiley, 1967);
Richard A. Muller, After Calvin: Studies in the Development
of a Theological Tradition (New York: Oxford University
Press, 2003); Bodo Nischan, Lutherans and Calvinists in the
Age of Confessionalism (Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 1999);
M. Prestwich, International Calvinism, 1541–1715 (Ox-
ford, U.K.: Clarendon Press and New York: Oxford Uni-
versity Press, 1986).
Camaldolese Chart A world map commissioned in
1457 by King Afonso V of Portugal from the Italian car-
tographer Fra Mauro (died 1460). It was produced in the
Camaldolese monastery on the island of Murano, Venice,
and incorporates information drawn from the voyages of
Marco Polo and the exploration sponsored by HENRY THE
NAVIGATORwithin the circular format of the ancient mappa
mundi. Completed in 1459, it measures 6 feet 4 inches
(190 cm) in diameter and is housed in the Marciana li-
brary, Venice.
Cambiaso, Luca (1527–1585) Italian painter
The son of the painter Giovanni Cambiaso, Luca was born
at Moneglia, near Genoa. He became the first, and most
important, master of a native Genoese school of painters.
The vivacity of his early pictures reflects the speed and im-
petuosity with which he is said to have worked, without
the usual preparatory drawing and even painting large
areas with both hands at once. The frescoes and oils
painted in his maturity show greater moderation and are
more graceful in style, but he continued to develop a sim-
plification of form, which in his drawings almost resem-
bles cubism. Like Beccafumi, he often used light to
dramatize his subjects, as in The Virgin with a Candle
(c. 1570; Palazzo Bianco, Genoa). Cambiaso spent the last
two years of his life decorating the ESCORIALwith large
frescoes at the invitation of Philip II of Spain; he died in
Madrid.
Cambrai, League of (1508) An alliance formed at Cam-
brai in northeast France by Emperor MAXIMILIAN I, LOUIS
XIIof France, and FERDINAND IIof Aragon, nominally
against the Turks, but really in order to dismember the
Venetian empire. It was joined by the pope and the dukes
of Mantua and Ferrara, all of whom had territorial dis-
putes with Venice. After some initial successes, beginning
at Agnadello (1509), the league began to collapse in 1510,
owing to the defection of the pope and Ferdinand, and by
1517 Venice had won back virtually all the territory it had
lost.Camden, William (1551–1623) English antiquarian and
educationist
Born into a London painter’s family, Camden attended St.
Paul’s School before going to Oxford (1566–71). Patrons
in London then supported his antiquarian researches until
his appointment as second master at Westminster School
(1575). This post, and his subsequent headmastership
(1593–97) left him free time for extensive journeys re-
searching his monumental topographical work Britannia
(1586; 6th edition, much enlarged, 1607). This county-
by-county survey was written in Latin and translated by
Philemon Holland into English in 1610. In 1597 Camden
was made Clarenceux King of Arms. He died at Chisle-
hurst after a long illness. Besides Britannia, his life’s work,
he also published Annales (1615).Camerarius, Joachim (1500–1574) German scholar
Camerarius, who was born in Bamberg, was a child
prodigy. He studied Greek at Leipzig, then went to Wit-
tenberg, attracted by the reputations of Luther and Philipp
MELANCHTHON; he became the latter’s close friend and bi-
ographer. In 1524 he published a Latin translation of
Demosthenes’ first Olynthiac Oration; the next year his
commentary on Cicero’s Tusculan Disputations brought
him into contact with ERASMUS. The wars of religion then
forced him to leave Wittenberg and in 1526 Melanchthon
made him professor of Greek and Latin at the new Protes-
tant college in Nuremberg. In 1530 he attended the Diet of
Augsburg and collaborated on the formulation of the
AUGSBURGConfession. A moderate voice in Lutheranism,
even as late as 1568 he was discussing with Emperor MAX-
IMILIAN IIthe possibility of a Catholic–Protestant rap-
prochement. He moved subsequently to Tübingen (1535)
and to Leipzig (1541), where he died.
Camerarius was one of the leaders of the Renaissance
in Germany, combining the roles of scholar, theologian,
and diplomat. He made a significant contribution in many
areas but his most lasting work was the many editions and
translations of Greek and Latin authors he produced
throughout a long working life; notable among these are
his Greek editions of Ptolemy’s Tetrabiblos (1535) and Al-
magest (1538; with Simon Grynaeus) and the first com-
plete modern edition of the works of the Roman
playwright Plautus (1552).Camerata, Florentine See BARDI, COUNT GIOVANNI; FLO-
RENCECCaammeerraattaa,, FFlloorreennttiinnee 8855