Acknowledgements
DORLING KINDERSLEY would like to thank Jacqui Bailey,
Kitty Blount, Laura Buller, Joe Elliot, Daniel Gilpin,
Simon Holland, Jacky Jackson, Sarah Kovandzich,
Esther Labi, Margaret Mulverhill, Margaret Parrish,
and Nigel Ritchie for editorial assistance; Alyson
Lacewing, and Lee Simmons for proof-reading; Sue
Lightfoot for the index; Martin Copeland for picture
research; Sheila Hanly, James Harrison, Clare Hibbert,
Ian Probert, and Belinda Weber for link research.Dorling Kindersley Ltd is not responsible and does not
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Ltd, and may not be reproduced, stored, or
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commercial or profit-related purpose without prior
written permission of the copyright owner.Picture Credits
The publisher would like to thank the following for
their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:Abbreviations key:
t-top, b-bottom, r-right, l-left, c-centre1 AKG London: cl, cr. Corbis: Buddy Mays c. Getty
Images: Helena Vallis cll. Science Photo Library: Steve
Horrell crr. 2 Corbis: Christine Kolisch cr; Hal Beral
crrr; Jim Winkley; Ecoscene cll. NASA: cl. Science
Photo Library: crr; Dr. Arthur Tucker clll. 3 Genesis
Space Photo Library: NASA, Lockhead Martin, IMAX
crrr. Getty Images: Raphael Van Butsele cr. Science
Photo Library: Art Wolfe cll; Hugh Turvey clll; Richard
Wehr cl. 5 NASA: tc. Science Photo Library: Simon
Fraser tl; Tek Image tr. 6 NASA: cl. Science Photo
Library: c. 7 Getty Images: Raphael Van Bustele cb.
8–9 Science Photo Library: National Optical
Astronomy Observatories. 10 DK Picture Library: ESA
br. 10–11 NASA. Science Photo Library: Eckhard
Slawik c. 11 Science Photo Library: John Sanford cr.
Topham Picturepoint: HPI/British Library cl. 12
Science Photo Library: David Nunuk br; David Parker
tr; Max-Planck-Institut Fur Radioastromie cl. 14
Science Photo Library: Mark Garlick cl. 15 Galaxy
Picture Library: TRACE/Stanford-Lockheed Institute
for Space Research cl. Science Photo Library: Dr Fred
Espenak br; Mark Garlick c. Courtesy of SOHO/EIT
Consortium. SOHO is a project of international
cooperation between ESA and NASA: cr. 16 NASA:
br, l. 16–17 NASA. 17 NASA: tr, c. 18 NASA: cla,
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/
Carnegie Institute of Washington cal. Science Photo
Library: NASA crb. 19 NASA: cl, c, bl. Science Photo
Library: NASA br. 20 NASA: tr, cra, cl, bl. Science
Photo Library: US Geological Survey br. 21 NASA: tl,
cr, crb, cbr. Science Photo Library: Claus Lunau/Foci/
Bonnier, Publications bc. 22 Anglo Australian
Observatory: Royal Observatory, Edinburgh br. Corbis:
Gianni Dagli Orti bc. Science Photo Library: Dr Seth
Shostak cl; Jerry Lodriguss cb; NASA tc. SETI League
photo, used by permission: tr. 23 Corbis: Charles
O'Rear br. DK Picture Library: Natural History Museum
bc, bcr. Science Photo Library: cl; Dr Fred Espenak cr;
Lynette Cook tl. 24 NASA: cl, br. 24–25 Science
Photo Library: Konstantinos Kifonidis. 25 NASA: tr.
Science Photo Library: Max-Plank-Institut Und Physik
and Astrphysik c; Mehau Kulyk br. 26 NASA: crb.
Science Photo Library: Roger Harris cr; W. Couch & R.
Ellis/NASA bl. 27 Anglo Australian Observatory: David
Malin cra, cr, car. Galaxy Picture Library: Omar
Lopez-Cruz & Ian Shelton/NOAO/ AURA/NSF br.NASA: tr, c. Science Photo Library: Carlos Frenk,
University of Durham bcr; Chris Butler clb. 28 ESA: cr.
Science Photo Library: Starsem tr. 28–29 NASA: br.
29 NASA: tr, ca. Science Photo Library: br; David
Ducros bl. 30 NASA: cr, bc, br, bcr, l. 31 DK Picture
Library: Eurospace Center, Transinne, Belgium cl.
NASA: br; c. Science Photo Library: tr. 32 Genesis
Space Photo Library: NASA, Lockhead Martin, IMAX
cra. NASA: tr, c, cr, bl. 33 NASA: tr, c, bl. Science Photo
Library: NASA cl. 34–35 Corbis: James A. Sugar. 36
Mark Garlick tl. 36–37 Science Photo Library: ESA c
37 Corbis: Sally A. Morgan, Ecoscene br. Getty Images:
Andre Gallant bl, bc, bcl, bcr. Science Photo Library:
Mark Garlick cb. 38 Science Photo Library: David
Ducros cl. 38–39 Science Photo Library: Jeremy
Bishop. 39 Science Photo Library: tr, bl. 40–41 Corbis:
Firefly Productions. 41 Getty Images: Helena Vallis br.
42 GeoScience Features Picture Library: bl. Getty
Images: Randy Wells t. Science Photo Library: Tom Van
Sant, Geosphere Project/Planetary Visions br. 43
Corbis: Lloyd Cluff bl. Rex Features: Sipa Press tr. 44
Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer cr. Hutchison Library: Robert
Francis cra. US Geological Survey: D. A Swanson tr. 45
Corbis: Wildcountry c; Wolfgang Kaehler bl. 46–47
Getty Images: Tom Till c. 47 DK Picture Library:
Natural History Museum tr. Getty Images/Photodisc
Green: cr. Science Photo Library: Lawrence Lawry br.
48 Science Photo Library: Dr Jeremy Burgess c. 49
Science Photo Library: NASA br, t. 50 Corbis: Brownie
Harris bc. Getty Images: Mike Surowiak tl. Science
Photo Library: University of Dundee c. 51 Pa Photos:
EPA European Press Agency br. Corbis: l. 52 Science
Photo Library: Peter Ryan cl. 52–53 Getty Images:
Marc Muench c. 53 Corbis: George D. Lepp tcr.
Science Photo Library: Alan Sirulnikoff tl; Claude
Nuridsany & Marie Perennou cl; George Post tr; Simon
Fraser tcl. UCAR Communications: br. 54 Corbis: Rob
Matheson c. NASA: bl. Science Photo Library: Larry
Miller tl. 55 Corbis: Owaki-Kulla cr. Getty Images:
John Lamb cl. Rex Features: Sipa Press b. Still Pictures:
M & C Denis-
Huot tr. 56 Corbis: Craig Tuttle cl. 56–57 National
Geographic Image Collection: Volkmar Wentzel c. 57
Corbis: Paul A. Souders cr; Yann Arthus-Bertrand tl.
Science Photo Library: NASA tr. Zefa: T. Allofs bc. 58
Bryan and Cherry Alexander Photography: John Hyde
r. Corbis: Ralph A. Clevenger bl. 59 Corbis: Arthur
Thevenart br; James Murdoch; Cordaiy Photo Library
Ltd. bl. Getty Images: Arnulf Husmo cra; Art Wolfe crb;
Steve Dunwell tr; Suzanne & Nick Geary c. 60 Getty
Images: China Tourism Press tr; Harald Sund tl. 61
Alamy Images: Henryk Kaiser bc. Corbis: Philip James
Corwin bl. Getty Images: Jamey Stillings br. Science
Photo Library: John Mead c; US Department of Energy
tl. 62 Science Photo Library: NASA t. Getty Images:
Stuart Westmorland c; Terry Donnelly b. 63 Alamy
Images: Brett Bauton tr; Geoffrey Morgan crb. Getty
Images: Carlos Navajas cr; Frans Lemmens br. Science
Photo Library: Science, Industry & Business Library/
New York Public Library bl. 64 Corbis: Ted Spiegel tr.
Getty Images: Andy Sacks cl. 64–65 Corbis: b. 65
Ecoscene: Robert Nichol cl. Getty Images: Ed Pritchard
tr. Oxford Scientific Films: David M Dennis cr. 66
Corbis: David Stoecklein tr. Getty Images: Anthony
Boccaccio cl. National Geographic Image Collection:
Paul Chesley b. 67 Corbis: Macduff Everton cr; Mark L
Stephenson tr. Zefa: Eugen bl. 68–69 Alamy Images:
Steve Bloom. 70 National Geographic Image
Collection: Joel Sartore bl. 70–71 Alamy Images:
Steve Bloom c. 71 Corbis: James Noble bc. Science
Photo Library: David Scharf br. 72 National
Geographic Image Collection: Michael Nichols cr.
Corbis: tl. Science Photo Library: Colin Cuthbert bl; Eye
of Science bc. 73 DK Picture Library: M.I Walker cr.
Science Photo Library: Dr Gopal Murti c; Dr Jeremy
Burgess tr; M.I Walker bl. 74 Corbis: Bettmann bl.
N.H.P.A.: Ant Photo Library br. 75 Corbis: NASA crb. DK
Picture Library: Parc Zoologique de Paris cr. SciencePhoto Library: BSIP bc. 77 Corbis: Dean Conger bl,
background; Jonathan Blair bl. The Natural History
Museum, London: tr. 78–79 Eric Crichton Photos:
background. 79 Science Photo Library: Chris Butler br.
80 Corbis: Ted Horowitz bc; Winifred Wisniewski,
Frank Lane Picture Agency l. Nature Picture Library:
Jeff Rotman tr. 82 Bruce Coleman Ltd.: r. National
Geographic Image Collection: Paul A. Zahl bl. N.H.P.A.:
T Kitchin & V Hurst c. 83 Corbis: Galen Rowell r;
Hubert Stadler l. N.H.P.A.: Jany Sauvanet ca; John
Shaw c, background. 84 Corbis: Peter Lillie; Gallo
Images cl. Getty Images: Bernard Roussel c; Simeone
Huber bc. N.H.P.A.: B & C Alexander br; Paal
Hermansen cr. 85 DK Picture Library: AMNH cr.
Science Photo Library: Dr Tony Brain br; Eye of Science
tr; Library of Congress bl; Martin Dohrn cl. 86 Science
Photo Library: David Scharf cr; John Durham br. 87
Oxford Scientific Films: Niall Benvie bl. Science Photo
Library: Jan Hinsch tr. 88 Garden Picture Library:
Frederic Didillon. 89 Science Photo Library: Dr Jeremy
Burgess bcl, bcr; John Durham tr; Microfield Scientific
Ltd. tl. 91 Getty Images: Peter Lilja ca. 92 N.H.P.A.: G. I
Bernard c. 93 Science Photo Library: Darwin Dale tl;
David McCarthy ca; Jonathan Watts bc. 94 Getty
Images: Will & Deni McIntyre tl. 94–95 Getty Images:
Christa Renee c. 95 Science Photo Library: Hermann
Eisenbeiss tc, tr. 96 Getty Images: Andrew Mounter
bl. Nature Picture Library: Peter Oxford cr. 96–97
Getty Images: James Balog c; Tim Davis cl. 97 Corbis:
Hal Beral br. Getty Images: Art Wolfe crb. 98 Getty
Images: Jeff Rotman cr; Joseph Van Os tr. Oxford
Scientific Films: Chris Sharp bl. Visuals Unlimited Inc:
cl. 99 Corbis: Joe McDonald cr. Getty Images:
Photodisc Green/Santokh Kochar tr. N.H.P.A.: Stephen
Dalton br. Science Photo Library: Eye of Science cl.
100 Getty Images: Digital Vision bl; Art Wolfe tl;
Steve Hopkin br. N.H.P.A.: Stephen Krasemann tr. 101
N.H.P.A.: T Kitchin & V Hurst cr. Oxford ScientificFilms: John Cheverton cl. (^102) Alamy Images: Ali Kabas
c-sponge. DK Picture Library: Natural History Museum
crb. 103 Image Quest 3-D: Jim Greenfield br; Valdimar
Butterworth cr. Science Photo Library: Gilbert S. Grant
tl. 104 Tom Stack & Associates: br. 105 Alamy
Images: SNAP tr. Oxford Scientific Films: cl. Science
Photo Library: David Scharf cr; Eye of Science bc. 107
Wild Images: Tim Martin tr. 108 Oxford Scientific
Films: Marty Cordano tl. Science Photo Library:
Science Pictures Ltd. tr. 109 DK Picture Library:
Natural History Museum cr. Nature Picture Library:
Brandon Cole br. Oxford Scientific Films: tr. 110
Corbis: Naturfoto Honal l. Science Photo Library: Dr
Tony Brain cr. 111 N.H.P.A.: Anthony Bannister br;
John Shaw tr; Rod Planck ca. 11 2 Getty Images:
Tobias Bernhard cl. 112–113 Getty Images: Jeff
Hunter t. 11 3 Image Quest 3-D: Carlos Villoch tr;
Peter Herring br. Nature Picture Library: Reijo
Juurinen/Naturbild cr. 11 4 Corbis: Michael & Patricia
Fogden bc. National Geographic Image Collection:
George Gall l. 11 5 Corbis: Buddy Mays tr. N.H.P.A.:
Ernie Jones cl. 116–117 Getty Images: Raphael Van
Butsele c. 11 7 Getty Images: Douglas D. Seifert tr;
Gallo Images cr. 11 8 Getty Images: Anup Shah bc;
Steve Bloom c. Science Photo Library: Eye of Science
cr. 11 9 Corbis: Tom Brakefield tr. FLPA – Images of
nature: S & D & K Maslowski br. Science Photo
Library: Manfred Kage tl. 120 Getty Images: Stuart
Westmorland tl. N.H.P.A.: Stephen Krasemann cr. 121
Getty Images: Wayne R Bilenduke t. 122 Corbis:
Darrell Gulin b. Nature Picture Library: Karl Amman tl.
N.H.P.A.: Mark Bowler tr. 123 Auscape: Jean Paul
Ferrero ca. DK Picture Library: Jerry Young bc.
N.H.P.A.: Dave Watts tl, br. 124 The Natural History
Museum, London: cr. Still Pictures: John Cancalosi tl;
M & C Denis-Huot b. 125 Corbis: W. Perry Conway br.
Getty Images: Nicholas Parfitt tr. Still Pictures: Michel
Gunther cl. 126–127 Science Photo Library: D.
Phillips. 128 Science Photo Library: Dr Gopal Murti cl.
128–129 Science Photo Library: Simon Fraser c. 129
Science Photo Library: Mehau Kulyk bc; Montreal
Neuro. Institute/McGill, University/CNRI c; Scott
Camazine br. 130 Science Photo Library: b; Mehau
Kulyk cr. 131 DK Picture Library: EScience Photo
Library/Denoyer-Geppert bc. Science Photo Library: tr;
Andrew Syred cl; Simon Fraser br. 132 Biophoto
Associates: bl, bc, br. 133 Science Photo Library:
Andres Syred bl; Andrew Syred br; John Burbidge tr;
Richard Wehr/Custom Medical Stock Photo c. 134
Science Photo Library: bl, r; John Bavosi tl. 135
Science Photo Library: cl. 136 Science Photo Library:
BSIP VEM cl; CNRI bc, bcl. 137 Science Photo Library:
Innerspace Imaging tr; John Bavosi br. 138 Science
Photo Library: Alfred Pasieka bl; BSIP VEM bc; Mehau
Kulyk tl. 138–139 Science Photo Library: Alfred
Pasieka c. 139 Biophoto Associates: tr. Science Photo
Library: Wellcome Department of Cognitive
Neurology cb. 140 Science Photo Library: Mehau
Kulyk bc. 140–141 Science Photo Library: Alfred
Pasieka tc. 141 DK Picture Library: Denoyer Geppert
Intl cr, br. Science Photo Library: Omikron bl. 142
Corbis: William Radcliffe/Science Faction crb; Omikron
bl. 143 Science Photo Library: CNRI cb; Dr Tony Brain
cr; George Bernard cl. 144 Science Photo Library: Eye
of Science cl. 145 Science Photo Library: Professors P.
Motta & F. Carpino/University "La Sapienza" Rome cr;
Professors P. Motta & T. Naguro bc. 146 Science Photo
Library: BSIP/Cavallini James crb; Prof. P. Motta/Dept.
of Anatomy/University "La Sapienza", Rome bl.
146–147 Science Photo Library: Geoff Tompkinson t.
147 Science Photo Library: CNRI tr; GJLP br. 148
Robert Harding Picture Library: c. Science Photo
Library: L.Willatt, East Anglian Regional Genetics,
Service bl; Neil Bromhall t. 149 Science Photo Library:
tr; Alfred Pasieka bl; BSIP VEM tl; Lauren Shear cr. 150
Corbis: Howard Davies tr. Getty Images: John Kelly l.
151 Science Photo Library: tr; Corbis: MedicalRF.com
cl; Simon Fraser br. 152–153 Getty Images: Dia Max.
154 National Geographic Image Collection: Brian
Skerry tc. Panos Pictures: Heldur Netocny cb.
154–155 Science Photo Library: NASA bl; Tek Image
c. 155 Getty Images: Jean Y Ruszniewski tcl. Image
Source: tl. Science Photo Library: Bsip, Laurent tr;
Richard Duncan br; Tek Image tcr. 156 CERN: br.
Corbis: C.M.Leask/Eye Ubiquitous cla; Kennan Ward
cra; Natalie Fobes cb; Ron Watts ca. Science Photo
Library: Chris Butler tl. 157 US Department of Energy:
tr. Science Photo Library: Philippe Plailly cla. 158
Science Photo Library: David Parker tr; Roger Harris bl;
US Library of Congress cr. Geoffrey Wheeler: tl. 159
Corbis: Bettmann br. Science Photo Library: ArSciMed
tr. 160 Science Photo Library: Erich Schrempp br;
Julian Baum bl. 163 Corbis: Lester Lefkowitz tr; Peter
Beck bl. The Art Archive: Royal Society/Eileen Tweedy
cl. Rex Features: cr. 164 Alamy Images: Pictor
International/ImageState bl. Corbis: James Noble tr.
165 Corbis: Duomo cl; Mark M. Lawrence br. Getty
Images: Allsport Concepts/ Christine Kolisch cr. 166
Agence France Presse: cr. Getty Images: Chabruken
bc; Terje Rakke l. 167 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer bl.
Hulton Archive/Getty Images: br. Science Photo
Library: Arthus Bertrand tr. 168 Rex Features: CNP cl.
Science Photo Library: Dr. Arthur Tucker c. 169
Corbis: Christine Kolisch br; Mark L. Stephenson craa;
cra, cr. Getty Images: Stuart Hunter cl. Science Photo
Library: ESA tr. 170 Corbis: Gary W. Carter c; Jay
Dickman l. Science Photo Library: Volker Steger tr.
171 DK Picture Library: Stephen Oliver cr. Getty
Images: tr. Robert Harding Picture Library: cl. Science
Photo Library: Pascal Goetgheluck br. 172 Corbis:
Patrick Darby cr. Science Photo Library: Kip Peticolas l.
173 Corbis: David Butow tr. Science Photo Library: Tek
Image br. 174 Corbis: Cees Van Leeuwen; Cordaiy
Photo Library Ltd. l. Getty Images: Phil Degginger br.
175 Associated Press AP: bl. Science Photo Library:
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory tr. 176
Corbis: Joe McDonald tl; Martin Harvey; Gallo Images
bl; Roger Tidman claa; clbb. Getty Images: Photodisc
446 Acknowledgements