Besides these there are several kinds of bloodsucking (vampire) demons, which
are mostly Birth-spirits; and also certain incubi, such as the Hantu Kopek, which
is the Malay equivalent of our own “night-mare.”
1
Journal of the Indian Archipelago, vol. iv. p. 573. ↑
2
J.R.A.S., S.B., No. 7, pp. 11, 12. ↑
3
Swettenham, Malay Sketches, p. 192. ↑
4
Mr. R. J. Wilkinson in J.R.A.S., S.B., No. 30, p. 308. ↑
5
The following are the deities most usually inscribed in the “magic square” of five: 1. Kala
(black), which is an epithet of Shiva; 2. Maheswara, which means Great Lord, an epithet of
Shiva; 3. Vishnu; 4. Brahma; 5. S’ri (the wife of Vishnu); or else the names are mentioned in
this order: 1. Brahma; 2. Vishnu; 3. Maheswara (Shiva); 4. S’ri; 5. Kala. Kali, Durga, or Gauri,
is the wife of Shiva; Sarasvati is the wife of Brahma. See inf. p. 545, seqq. In the magic word
Aum (OM): A = Vishnu, U = Shiva, M = Brahma. ↑
6
J.R.A.S., S.B., No. 30, p. 309. This is the water of life called Amrita, to obtain which, by
churning the ocean, Vishnu assumed one of his avatars—that of the tortoise. ↑
7
Cp. Crawfurd, Hist. of the Ind. Archipelago, vol. ii. p. 219. “From some of the usual epithets
bestowed upon Siwa by the pagan Javanese, and still familiar to their posterity, the pre-
eminence of this deity is clearly demonstrated.... He is the same personage who acts so
distinguished a part in the machinery of Malayan and Javanese romances, under the appellation
of Guru, or the instructor, prefixing to it the word Batara, a corruption of Avatara, both in
sense and orthography, for with the Indian islanders that word is not used as with the genuine
Hindus, to express the incarnation of a god, but as an appellation expressing any deity; nay, as
if conferring an apotheosis upon their princes, it has been sometimes prefixed to the names of
some of the most celebrated of their ancient kings. When Siwa appears in this character, in the
romances of the Indian islanders, he is painted as a powerful, mischievous, and malignant
tyrant—a description sufficiently consonant to his character of Destroyer in the Hindu triad”;
and, again, “ywang is a Javanese word used in the same sense as batara.... Usually the obsolete