Everything Science Grade 12

CHAPTER 2. ORGANICMACROMOLECULES 2.6

Proteins ESCAO

Proteins are an incredibly important part of anycell, and they carry outa number of

functions such as support, storage and transport within the body. Themonomers of

proteins are called amino acids. An amino acid is an organic molecule that contains

a carboxyl and an amino group, as well as acarbon side chain. The carbon side

chain varies from one amino acid to the next, andis sometimes simply represented by

the letter ’R’ in a molecule’s structural formula.Figure 2.12 shows someexamples of

different amino acids.

H 2 N C

H

H

C

O

OH

Carboxyl group

Amino group

glycine

H 2 N C

H

CH 3

C

O

OH

alanine

Side chain (’R’)

H 2 N C

H

CH 2

C

O

OH

serine

OH

Figure 2.12: Three amino acids: glycine, alanineand serine

Although each of theseamino acids has the same basic structure, their side chains

(’R’ groups) are different. In the amino acid glycine, the side chain consists only of a

hydrogen atom, while alanine has a methyl side chain. The ’R’ group in serine is CH 2 -

OH. Amongst other things, the side chains affectwhether the amino acidis hydrophilic

(attracted to water) or hydrophobic (repelled by water). If the side chain is polar, then

the amino acid is hydrophilic, but if the side chain is non-polar then the amino acid is

hydrophobic. Glycine and alanine both have non-polar side chains, while serine has a

polar side chain.