2 . C Because of its early withdrawal from the war and its Communist regime, Russia was not
allowed to join the League of Nations. Russia’s Pan-Slavic movement hoped to unite all Slavic
peoples, including the Serbs (A). Russia’s early withdrawal from the war allowed Germany to
devote its full attention to the defeat of France and other Allies (B). As the Soviet Union pushed
toward Germany in the final months of World War II, it moved through Eastern Europe,
establishing its presence in that region (D).
3 . D The Spanish Civil War occurred between 1936 and 1939. During World War II, Spain was
already Fascist (A). It had not participated in World War I (B). Its Fascist government was firmly
in power in 1939 (C).
4 . B An example is the Munich Conference, which allowed Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in
exchange for a pledge to refrain from taking additional territory. Containment (C) was the U.S.
policy against communism.
5 . D After World War II, the Chinese civil war, which had been put on hold, resumed. Korea was
divided into north and south, with the north under communism (A). In the final months of the war,
the Soviet Union occupied many European nations (B), most of them agricultural rather than
industrial nations (C).
6 . A World War II peace arrangements were formulated through a series of conferences rather
than through one major treaty such as the Treaty of Versailles. The United Nations was a more
effective organization than the League of Nations (B). Europe’s African colonies did not begin
receiving independence until the 1950s (C). The Soviet Union was included in the Yalta and
Potsdam conferences (D).
7 . B Japan rose in power, especially in East Asia, during World War I, but its empire ended after
World War II. Great Britain (A) declined in power as a result of both wars. Russia (C) declined in
power during World War I, but emerged from World War II as a superpower. The Ottoman
Empire ended after World War I (D).
8 . D The United States emerged as a major world power after World War I and a superpower after
World War II. The power of European nations declined markedly during both wars (A, C). After
World War II, China remained involved in a civil war (C).
9 . B Neither revolution desired independence from a colonial power. The French Revolution was
initiated by the bourgeoisie, and the Chinese revolt by the Western-educated middle class (A). The
French Revolution ended in the ultimate dictatorship of Napoleon, whereas the Chinese revolution
at first attempted to model China’s government after Western republics (C). The French
Revolution reached its goal of ending absolute monarchy, while the Chinese revolt ended Qing
rule (D).
10 . D The 1821 revolution was an independence movement against Spain, while the 1910 revolution
came about in part because of foreign influence during the rule of Díaz. The 1821 revolt was
initially backed by mestizos , whereas the later revolt was Creole-backed from its beginning (A).
The Mexican republic was established in 1824, three years after the end of the earlier revolt (B).
Although the 1910 revolt did not result in territorial loss, the earlier revolution saw the separation
of the Central American republics a few years later (C).