their empires or became involved in civil strife. Overland routes were supplanted by oceanic
trade pathways. There was an increase rather than a decrease in religions of salvation (A). The
role of the father (C) and women’s rights (D) saw no changes.17 . C The Romans were famous for their public works—aqueducts, amphitheaters, baths, and
especially roads—which brought the outlying parts of the empire into contact with the center.
Diversity, so long as it didn’t disrupt the central government, was generally accommodated (A).
States rarely supported (although they did tolerate) foreign religions (B). Merit was not a
guiding principle for most imperial bureaucracies (D).
18 . B The Roman empire became too large, and the causes of destruction, including a loss of
military discipline and control, led to loss of territory and, eventually, the fall of central power.
Rulers became rich, which led to power rather than to their overthrow (A). Decay in Rome was
not inherent (C). Conquest and prosperity are more frequently compatible than mutually
exclusive (D).
19 . C Alliances, which were characteristic of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
constrained the allied countries to support one another and were one of the major causes of
World War I. An attack on Serbia, for example, was considered an attack on Russia and its allies,
France and Great Britain. Imperialism is an expansive policy of conquest and control (A).
Nationalism refers to national identity (B). Militarism (D) refers to the buildup of armies and
materiel.
20 . C The alliances that led to World War I were the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and
Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy). Serbia was supported by
Russia, which needed access to (winter) warm-water ports. As part of the Triple Entente, France
supported Russia (B). World War I may well be known as a “politicians’ war,” but the cartoon
does not show this (A). World War I is aptly named, as it involved non-European countries (D).
21 . C Bulgaria, Italy, and the United States were all engaged in World War I. Denmark (A),
Switzerland (B), and Spain (D) were all neutral, although Switzerland did declare a “state of
siege.”
22 . A The ziggurat was used by priests and other religious leaders to elevate and direct themselves
toward the cosmos. Neither Central Asia (B) nor West Africa (C) created ziggurats. Egypt built
pyramids, not ziggurats, to bury their royal dead.
23 . A Monumental architecture is characterized by sheer size (the arched doorways in the drawing
give an idea of scale) and frequently serves a political, commemorative, or religious purpose.
Ziggurats were not used as burial sites (B) or theaters (C). The term “hierarchical” generally
refers to using contrasting sizes of humans to show their importance.
24 . C Mesoamerican pyramids were stepped and used for religious purposes and ceremonies,
whereas Egyptian pyramids were cubed triangles and served as burial sites (A). Chinese pagodas
(B) and the Parthenon (D) were not even vaguely pyramidal.
25 . C Theodore Roosevelt advocated intervention in Latin America when U.S. interests were at
stake. The United States supported Panama’s independence from Colombia in 1903 because
Colombia did not support the Panama Canal. The Zimmerman Telegram was sent to Mexico by
Germany in 1917 (A), the Cuban embargo took place in 1962 (B), and the Haitian Revolution