40 . C The passage gives some indication concerning the hardships faced by the early Australian
colonists, including famine, disease, and shortages of important supplies. There is no detailed
discussion of the gardening methods used (A). Although there are mentions of age and sex, one
cannot determine the ratios because no exact numbers are provided (B). Likewise, there is no
information regarding any specific medical practices and procedures beyond a “salt diet,” which
could apply to all colonists (D).
41 . C The spread of religion is one of the best-known examples of cultural diffusion, and the map
shows the spread of Buddhism. Trade routes (e.g., the Silk Roads) in the classical era (A, D)
originated in China and continued to the Mediterranean. Communism (B) is primarily a
twentieth-century phenomenon that did not originate in India. The paths shown have nothing to
do with weather (D).
42 . B Buddhism originated in India, although it eventually became a minority religion there and
spread to other countries, incorporating or adapting to local customs and needs. Hinduism (A),
Christianity (C), and Islam (D) did not begin in India.
43 . B Monks served as the leaders and missionaries for Buddhism. They gave up earthly goods in
order to guide lay believers. Although merchants (A), military officers (C), and diplomats (D) all
helped to transport beliefs, they did not dedicate their lives to doing so.
44 . C Peter the Great brought a great many ideas back from his travels to the West, among them
those dealing with individual rights and parliamentary government; but he retained control,
instituting a sort of constitutional monarchy. He did not create an elected assembly (A), make
declarations of guaranteed human rights (B), or reduce aristocratic influence to any great degree
(D).
45 . B By retaining control and power, Peter the Great was more absolutist than he was egalitarian
(A), republican (C), or theocratic (D).
46 . C Peter the Great did not free the serfs; it took the Industrial Revolution in Russia to make that
feasible. He did nothing to decentralize power—in fact, he consolidated it (A). He worked hard to
reverse the isolationism (B) that had left Russia on the margins of modernization. He did not
continue reform, but he initiated it in many instances (D).
47 . D The Industrial Revolution was characterized by a lack of regulation, leading to poor working
conditions, long hours, and low wages, including for children. The Enlightenment was primarily
a philosophical movement occurring in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (A). The Green
Revolution used scientific methods to increase crop yields. It is also a twentieth-century
phenomenon and is therefore out of the era (B). The Scientific Revolution predates this, having
occurred around the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, and refers to the prolific scientific
discoveries in fields like physics, astronomy, and anatomy. (C)
48 . B The witness states that he has work only about 2 days each week, and that he needs to let his
children work (necessity compels him). There is no owner forcing him. The phrase “necessity
compels a man” refers to his own need for his children to work (A). There is no indication that
the children need discipline (C). The phrase “moderate labour” does appear, but the speaker is
saying that he would prefer reasonable hours, even if he earns less (D).
49 . A Laissez-faire (“leave it alone”) is the principle that governments should not interfere in or