(A), Erasmus (C), and Wycliffe (D) were all either precursors or advocates of Protestant reform.20 . D The Church reiterated the need for clerical interpretation of scripture and the necessity of
good works in order to achieve salvation. Predestination and use of the vernacular (A, C) were
both Protestant ideas and thus were rejected. The Council of Trent continued most Catholic
practices, including the use of saints as intermediaries (B).
21 . D The Europeans clearly ignored or discounted linguistic and ethnic divisions, and the wishes
and traditions of indigenous cultures, because they considered them unimportant in the “white”
scheme of things. Self-determination (A) refers to the idea that indigenous peoples should rule
themselves, which was clearly not the case here. Manifest destiny (B) is a term associated with
U.S. westward expansionism. Spheres of influence (C) refers to European economic imperialism
in dealings with China.
22 . D In the post-colonial period, Africa has struggled with ethnic violence among rival groups
who were artificially bound together within colonial borders. Most African nations retained their
colonial borders (A). Western economic interests (B) have persisted to the present, particularly in
the oil and diamond industries. African nations have struggled with political corruption and
instability (C).
23 . A Colonial dominance depended on cash crops and raw materials and did not encourage any
development of an artisanal or manufacturing sector. The Pan-African movement (B) was limited
in duration, scope, and effectiveness. Mercantilism (C) was a historical economic system and
isn’t really seen today. African nations are not evenly incorporated into world market systems
(D). They remain peripheral.
24 . C The passage refers to the king levying dinars and mithqals on loads of salt and copper. The
reference to salt (A) explains that it is imported. Cattle were located in Malal, not in Ghana (B).
Ghanians grew vegetables, but the passage indicates that it was enough to be self-sufficient (D).
25 . D At this time, the most likely source of silk was China. Horses had a centuries-old presence
(A) in Africa. There is no reference to touching one’s head to the floor (B) and the Muslims
simply clap, so while there was a ritual involving kneeling, it was not universal. Gold and jewels
(C) were commonly sourced from Africa.
26 . A Muslims dominated the trade network in Africa in this period. The king who converted was
not from Ghana (B), but from Malal. There was a strong tradition of trade in Africa, and the
Africans’ religion, unlike Islam, did not concern itself with merchants or trade (C). For the most
part, African kings (D) remained independent.
27 . B Because elites often converted for economic reasons, lower classes were allowed to maintain
their traditional practices. Many Africans were not Muslim, and so choice (A) is too strong a
statement to be accurate. Muslim merchants probably gave more favorable terms to their
religious cohorts, but they did not limit their trade only to Muslims (C). According to the
passage, Muslims were allowed to greet the king in their own manner (D).
28 . D The earliest voyages recorded on the map were made by Vikings before 1000 CE. Both Spain
and Portugal (A, B) did not explore until the 1400s. Greenland (D) was a Viking destination and
not a point of origin.