54 . A European merchants were indeed closely monitored and their movements restricted to
specific areas and cities. Likewise, their exchanges with Chinese people were limited. Both the
Portuguese and the British (as well as the Dutch) traded with China (B). Products themselves were
limited (C), but they did not carry extraordinary tariffs. Laws were intended only to confine and
monitor foreign residents (D).
55 . C Demand for Chinese products was high, but the Chinese had no interest in European goods,
preferring instead to be paid in silver. This created a huge demand for silver, driving mining
efforts by the Spanish in the Americas. Because the Portuguese did not have the resources to
maintain control of the Indian Ocean trade, their prestige and power declined (A). The British
had important colonies in India, and the Japanese also took steps to restrict trade with foreigners
(B). The Malacca Strait, though important, was never controlled by the British (D).
Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions
1A . You should mention at least two characteristics of the new imperialism (19th century) that are
shown in the Kipling work. These may include emigration, settlement, war, and a condescending
attitude toward native peoples (who are seen as children who need to be civilized and socialized).
There is also an obligation on the part of the colonizer to improve the infrastructure.
1B . Johnson envisions the new imperialism as something characterized by violence, superior
technology on the part of the colonizer, and a sense of the black man’s increasing troubles. You
need to identify only one of these elements.
2A . You need to include two of the causes of the Industrial Revolution, such as scientific
advancements (the steam engine, the Bessemer process); public and private support for
improved transportation infrastructures; and increased access to natural resources (coal, for
example).
2B . The effects of the Industrial Revolution in Western Europe might include rural-urban
migration; colonial or imperial expansion to secure markets, labor, and resources; changing
family structures; and reform legislation (like the First Reform Bill in England in 1832). You
need identify only one effect.
3A . You should recognize that Cousins and Confucius both indicate that to understand the past is to
prepare for the future.
3B . The African proverb makes it clear that history is written by the victors. Women, slaves,
peasants, and marginalized and conquered peoples are not given a point of view or are ignored
or repressed.
3C . Bonaparte makes it clear that history can be used to justify the present; that is, the past explains
the “why” of current political, economic, or social conditions.
4A . Key words to identify the people’s response in Delacroix’s work might include resistance,
defiance, rebellion, or aggression.
4B . Key words to identify the response visible in Goya’s work are submission, surrender, or
resignation; but you might find that both paintings exhibit defiance and interpret the Goya