(^96) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
War), Europe, and India. The European hostilities were concluded in 1763 by a peace
agreement that essentially reestablished prewar boundaries. The North American conflict,
and particularly the fall of Quebec in 1759, shifted the balance of power in North America
to the British. The British had similar success in India.
As the eighteenth century progressed, the nature of European armies and wars changed
in ways that would have profound implications for the ruling regimes:
• The size of the standing armies increased.
• The officer corps became full-time servants of the state.
• Troops consisted of conscripts, volunteers, mercenaries, and criminals who were pressed
into service.
• Discipline and training became harsher and more extensive.
At the same time, weapons and tactics changed to accommodate the new armies:
• Muskets became more efficient and more accurate.
• Cannons became more mobile.
• Wars were now decided not by a decisive battle, but by a superior organization of
resources.
• Naval battles were now often more crucial than land battles.
Review Questions
Multiple Choice
Questions 1–3 refer to the following passage:
The political dominance of large landowners determined the course of enclosure....
[I]t was their power in Parliament and as local Justices of the Peace that enabled them to
redistribute the land in their own favor.
A typical round of enclosure began when several, or even a single, prominent landholder
initiated it... by petition to Parliament.... [T]he commissioners were invariably of the
same class and outlook as the major landholders who had petitioned in the first place, [so] it
was not surprising that the great landholders awarded themselves the best land and the most
of it, thereby making England a classic land of great, well-kept estates with a small marginal
peasantry and a large class of rural wage laborers.Joseph R. Stromberg, “English Enclosures and Soviet Collectivization: Two Instances of an
Anti-Peasant Mode of Development,” 1995- Stromberg sees the seventeenth-century English Parliament and justices of the peace as
primarily which of the following?
A. Protectors of the rights of agricultural laborers
B. Political innovations
C. A check on agricultural innovation
D. Instruments of the landowning class - Which statement best describes the petitioning process by which enclosure was
carried out?
A. It favored the interests of urban industry.
B. It favored the interests of the landowning class.
C. It was fair and balanced.
D. It promoted cottage industry.
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