5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^100) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
✪^ Scholasticism A term for the pre-Renaissance system of knowledge char-
acterized by the belief that everything worth knowing was written down in
ancient texts.
✪^ Hermeticism A tradition of knowledge that taught that the world was infused
with a single spirit that could be explored through mathematics, as well as
through magic.
✪^ Two Treatises on Government Philosophical treatise (1690) by the English-
man John Locke, which became the primary argument for the establish-
ment of natural limits to governmental authority.
✪^ Civil society The society formed when free individuals come together and
surrender some of their individual power in return for greater protection.
✪^ The Spirit of Laws The Baron de Montesquieu’s treatise of 1748, in which
he expanded on John Locke’s theory of limited government and outlined a
system in which government was divided into branches in order to check
and balance its power.
✪^ An Essay Concerning Human Understanding John Locke’s treatise of^
1689–1690, which argued that humans are born tabula rasa (as “blank
slates”), contradicting the traditional Christian notion that humans were
born corrupt and sinful and implying that what humans become is purely a
result of what they experience.
✪^ The Wealth of Nations Adam Smith’s treatise of 1776, which argued that
there are laws of human labor, production, and trade which stem from the
unerring tendency of all humans to seek their own self-interest.
✪^ Invisible hand A phrase, penned by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations^
(1776), to denote the way in which natural economic laws guide the economy.
✪^ Vindication of the Rights of Woman Mary Wollstonecraft’s treatise of 1792,
in which she argued that reason was the basis of moral behavior in all
human beings, not just in men.
✪^ Salons Places where both men and women gathered, in eighteenth-century
France, to educate themselves about and discuss the new ideas of the
Enlightenment in privacy and safety.
✪^ Philosophe Public intellectual of the French Enlightenment who believed
that society should be reformed on the basis of natural law and reason.
✪^ Masonic lodges Secret meeting places established and run by Freemasons,
whose origins dated back to the medieval guilds of the stonemasons. By the
eighteenth century, the lodges were fraternities of aristocratic and middle-
class men (and occasionally women) who gathered to discuss alternatives
to traditional beliefs.
✪^ Deism The belief that the complexity, order, and natural laws exhibited by
the universe were reasonable proof that it had been created by a God who
was no longer active.
✪^ Enlightened despotism The hope shared by many philosophes that the
powerful monarchs of European civilization, once educated in the ideals of
the Enlightenment, would use their power to reform and rationalize society.
✪^ Candide Voltaire’s sprawling satire of European culture, penned in 1759,
which has become the classic example of Enlightenment period satire.
✪^ Encyclopedia Produced by the tireless efforts of its co-editors, Denis Diderot
and Jean le Rond d’Alembert (1751–1772), the entries of the Encyclopedia
championed a scientific approach to knowledge and labeled anything not
based on reason as superstition.
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