5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^116) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

1. Montesquieu was an advocate of what political ideology born during the Enlightenment?
   A. Classical conservatism
   B. Classical liberalism
   C. Absolutism
   D. Deism


2. The author of the passage argues that tyranny is best avoided by which means?
   A. Direct representation of the people in government
   B. Virtual representation of the people in government
   C. The consolidation of power within the government
   D. A division of power within the government


3. According to the passage, who is best qualified to hold and implement the law?
   A. A king or queen
   B. An assembly
   C. A judiciary
   D. The people

Short Answer

4. Briefly explain the concept of enlightened despotism and illustrate, with TWO
   examples, why it ultimately failed.

Answers and Explanations

1. B is correct because the passage’s emphasis on individual liberty identifies its author as
   an advocate of classical liberalism. A is incorrect because nothing in the passage advo-
   cates the conservative reverence for tradition and traditional institutions. C is incorrect
   because the emphasis on individual liberty and on the limited nature of political power
   is in opposition to absolutism. D is incorrect because nothing in the passage allows you
   to infer anything about the religious beliefs of the author.


2. D is correct because the passage proposes to protect liberty by dividing power between
   the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. A and B are incorrect
   because the passage makes no reference to representation. C is incorrect because the
   passage argues that power should be split between branches of the government, not
   consolidated into one branch as absolutism would recommend.


3. A is correct because the passage states that the executive power (the power to imple-
   ment a law) “ought to be in the hands of the monarch.” B is incorrect because the
   passage states that the executive power (the power to implement a law) “ought to be
   in the hands of the monarch” and because it states that such power “is better adminis-
   tered by one than by many.” C is incorrect because the passage states that the executive
   power (the power to implement a law) “ought to be in the hands of the monarch.” D is
   incorrect because the passage states that the executive power (the power to implement
   a law) “ought to be in the hands of the monarch” and because it makes no mention of
   “the people.”


4. Suggested answer:

Thesis: Galileo and Descartes’s approaches were similar in that they both began with skepti-

cism. Their approaches were different in two ways: (1) Galileo relied on empirical obser-

vation, whereas Descartes considered the senses unreliable. (2) Galileo tended to employ

an inductive method, gathering facts and then generalizing from them, while Descartes

preferred to deduce general principles and then explain the facts based on those principles.

PRACTICE

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