5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^120) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
✪^ “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen” A declaration adopted
by the National Assembly of France on August 27, 1789, espousing individual
rights and liberties for all citizens.
✪^ Sans-culottes The working people (bakers, shopkeepers, artisans, and manual
laborers) who asserted their will in the radical phase of the French Revolution
(1791–1794). They were characterized by their long working pants, hence,
sans-culottes (literally “without short pants”).
✪^ Girondins Active during the National Assembly, the Girondins, primarily
drawn from the provincial bourgeoisie, supported the Revolution, and advo-
cated war with Europe as a means of uniting France behind the revolution-
aries. During the National Convention phase, they became concerned with
the increasing violence and the power of the sans-culottes, whose economic
demands they opposed. They also opposed execution of the king. Thus they
evolved into the moderate faction of the National Convention, especially
when compared to their more radical counterparts, the Jacobins.
✪^ Jacobins Members of a political club who were active in the National^
Assembly, the Jacobins intended to secure support for the Revolution. During
the National Convention phase, the group was dominated by more radical
elements who called for the execution of the king, opposed war with Europe,
advocated a republic, and allied with the sans-culottes and the Paris com-
mune. After purging the Girondins, the Jacobin faction was responsible for
instituting the Reign of Terror.
✪^ Committee of Public Safety A 12-man committee created in the summer of
1793 and invested with nearly absolute power in order that it might secure
the fragile French Republic from its enemies.
✪^ Reign of Terror The period of the French Revolution during which
Robespierre, the leader of the Committee of Public Safety, created tribunals
in the major cities of France to try individuals suspected of being enemies
of the Revolution. During the Reign of Terror, between September 1793 and
July 1794, between 200,000 and 400,000 people were sentenced to prison;
between 25,000 and 50,000 of them are believed to have died either in prison
or at the guillotine.
✪^ Directory A five-man board created to handle the executive functions of the
government during Thermidor, the third and final phase of the French Revo-
lution (1794–1799).
✪^ Napoleonic Code (also known as the Civil Code of 1804) A system of uni-
form law and administrative policy that Napoleon created for the empire he
was building in Europe.
✪^ Continental System A system established by Napoleon in order to weaken
Britain by forbidding the continental European states and kingdoms under
French control from trading with Great Britain.
✪^ Concert of Europe The alliance created in November 1815 that required
important diplomatic decisions to be made by all four great powers—Austria,
Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain—“in concert” with one another.
Key Individuals:
✪ King Louis XVI (France)
✪ Georges Danton
✪ Jean-Paul Marat
✪ Maximilien Robespierre
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