5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^130) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
important elements of the resulting settlement consisted of both tradition and innovation.
The important components of the settlement included the following:
• The restoration of the monarchy in Spain under Ferdinand VII
• The restoration of the monarchy in France under Louis XVIII
• The reconstitution of France inside borders that were nearly those of 1789
• The ceding of parts of Saxony, Westphalia, and the Rhine to Prussia
• The unification of the Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) and the Dutch Republic to form
a single kingdom of the Netherlands under the House of Orange
• The placing of the kingdoms of Lombardy and Venetia in Italy, and of the states in the
German Confederation, under the control of Austria
In an attempt to secure the balance of power created by the Vienna Settlement, the leaders
of Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain entered into a military alliance designed to make
aggression by individual states or kingdoms impossible. The alliance, created in November
1815, came to be known as the Concert of Europe, for the way in which it required important
diplomatic decisions to be made by all four great powers “in concert” with one another. In
1818, France, having paid its war indemnities, joined the alliance.

Review Questions

Multiple Choice

Questions 1–3 refer to the following passage:

But, to found and consolidate democracy, to achieve the peaceable reign of the constitutional

laws, we must end the war of liberty against tyranny and pass safely across the storms of the

revolution: such is the aim of the revolutionary system that you have enacted. Your conduct,

then, ought also to be regulated by the stormy circumstances in which the republic is placed;

and the plan of your administration must result from the spirit of the revolutionary govern-

ment combined with the general principles of democracy.

Now, what is the fundamental principle of the democratic or popular government—that is,

the essential spring which makes it move? It is virtue; I am speaking of the public virtue which

... is nothing other than the love of country and of its laws....
If the spring of popular government in time of peace is virtue, the springs of popular
government in revolution are at once virtue and terror: virtue, without which terror is fatal;
terror, without which virtue is powerless. Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe,
inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue; it is not so much a special principle as it is
a consequence of the general principle of democracy applied to our country’s most urgent
needs.
It has been said that terror is the principle of despotic government. Does your government
therefore resemble despotism? Yes, as the sword that gleams in the hands of the heroes of lib-
erty resembles that with which the henchmen of tyranny are armed.

Maximilien Robespierre, “Speech of February 5, 1794”

1. Based on the passage, what was the goal of the Revolution for Robespierre?
   A. To create a tyranny of the virtuous
   B. To create a constitutional monarchy
   C. To create a democratic republic governed by the rule of law
   D. To create an absolute monarchy

PRACTICE

16_Bartolini_Ch16_119-132.indd 130 27/04/18 1:55 PM