(^142) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
Rapid Review
Between 1815 and 1914, the demand for goods on the part of a steadily increasing
population was met by entrepreneurs who created the factory system. The new system
standardized and increased industrial production. As the century went on, the develop-
ment of four interrelated heavy industries—iron and steel, coal mining, steam power, and
railroads—combined to drive Europe’s economy to unprecedented heights, constituting an
industrial revolution. The urbanization, standardization of work, and effects of the class
system wrought by the Second Industrial Revolution significantly transformed social life
in Europe.
The changes wrought by the Industrial Revolution led to the development of material-
ist modes of scientific explanation, manifested in the physical sciences by the kinetic theory
of gases and in the natural sciences by Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.KEY IDEA17_Bartolini_Ch17_133-142.indd 142 27/04/18 1:55 PM