CHAPTER
1
‹^143
Cultural Responses
to Revolution and
Industrialization
IN THIS CHAPTER
Summary: In the nineteenth century, intellectuals developed various ideolo-
gies in order to make sense of a rapidly changing world. Among the political
and cultural ideologies explained in this chapter are conservatism, liberalism,
anarchism, utopian socialism, scientific socialism or communism, romanticism,
nationalism, and social Darwinism. Further down the social hierarchy, the labor-
ing classes violently resisted innovations that threatened their livelihood.Key Terms:
✪^ Conservatism A nineteenth-century ideology that held that tradition was the
only trustworthy guide to social and political action.
✪^ Liberalism An eighteenth- and nineteenth-century ideology that asserted
that the task of government was to promote individual liberty.
✪^ Socialism An ideology that sought to reorder society in ways that would end
or minimize competition, foster cooperation, and allow the working classes
to share in the wealth being produced by industrialization.
✪^ Utopian socialism A form of socialism that envisioned, and sometimes tried
to establish, ideal communities (or utopias) where work and its fruits were
shared equitably.
✪^ Psychological socialism A variety of nineteenth-century utopian socialism that
saw a conflict between the structure of society and the natural needs and ten-
dencies of human beings. Its leading advocate was Charles Fourier, who argued
that the ideal society was one organized on a smaller, more human scale.KEY IDEA18
CHAPTER
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