5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^154) › STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
✪^ Realpolitik A political theory, made fashionable by Bismarck in the nine-
teenth century, which asserted that the aim of any political policy should be
to increase the power of a nation by whatever means and strategies were
necessary and useful.
✪^ The nationalities problem The name given to the conflict between the 10
distinct linguistic and ethnic groups that lived within the borders of Austria-
Hungary and their German-speaking rulers.
✪^ Russianization Alexander III’s attempt, in the 1880s, to make Russian the
standard language and the Russian Orthodox Church the standard religion
throughout the Russian Empire.
✪^ Chartism A movement in Britain (1837–1842) in support of the People’s Char-
ter, a petition that called for universal manhood suffrage, annual Parliaments,
voting by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, the abolition of property
qualifications for Members of Parliament, and the payment of Members of
Parliament.
✪^ Nationalism This term is often conflated with patriotism, but the differ-
ences are both subtle and important. Nationalism means a strong sense of
national identity based on commonalities like language, culture, ethnicity,
and traditional homeland. It can be either a unifying force (Italy, Germany) or
a fragmenting one (Greece, Austrian Empire). In its later usage, nationalism
is distinguished from patriotism in that, though both entail love of country,
nationalism has connotations of national superiority, sometimes manifesting
in aggression.
Key Individuals:
✪ Otto von Bismarck
✪ Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
✪ Giuseppe Garibaldi
✪ Emperor Franz Joseph
✪ Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon III)
✪ Tsar Alexander II
✪ Tsar Alexander III
✪ Benjamin Disraeli
✪ William Gladstone

Introduction

In the hundred years following the fall of Napoleon’s empire, classes of people who were

traditionally left out of the politics of Europe’s nations and empires demanded participa-

tion in a variety of ways. One context in which the advent of mass politics contributed to

significant change was in the triumph of the nation-state as the primary unit of political

organization.

Nationalism and State-Building

Over the course of the nineteenth century, nationalism triumphed over all other compet-

ing ideologies. In areas where people lived under foreign domination, nationalism was

used by conservative statesmen to bring about the unification of Italy and Germany. In the

KEY IDEA

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