5 Steps to a 5TM AP European History

(^238) › STEP 5. Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

Section I, Part B: Short-Answer Questions

Questions

Strategies

Remember the strategies discussed in Chapter 5 for

the short-answer questions:

Step 1. Compose a topic sentence that responds to

the question and gives you something specific to sup-

port and illustrate.

Step 2. Support and illustrate the assertion in the

topic sentence with specific examples.

Question 1

In history, science and society are intertwined.

a) A good response will provide one factor that con-

tributed to the development of the Scientific

Revolution AND an explanation of how it contrib-

uted to the development of the Scientific Revolution,

such as:

• enaissanceR humanists who sought out classical
  Greek and Roman texts discovered variations in
  translations, as well as works by other thinkers
  who contradicted classical philosophers such as
  Aristotle. Attempts to reconcile these contradic-
  tions led to more systematic methods of inquiry.
  It also resulted in a shift in thinking from the
  spiritual world to the natural world, as well as an
  emphasis on observation and logical inquiry.


• The “Age of Discovery” and the concomitant
  commercial revolution also fueled the Scientific
  Revolution. Better understanding of astronomy
  for navigational purposes, as well as the need for
  careful and accurate design and measurement in
  ship design, all spurred scientific discovery.


• enaissanceR artists emphasized realism in the
  natural world and sought to study its workings so
  as to portray the world more accurately. This led
  to the study of geometry (for perspective), as well
  as botany, biology, and anatomy. Many artists also
  applied their ideas to technology.

b) A good response will identify ONE major figure

in the Scientific Revolution, as well as explain how

he or she challenged a traditional theory about the

world, such as:

• Copernicus or Galileo who both were instrumental
  in developing (Copernicus) and proving (Galileo)
  heliocentric theory, which challenged the tradi-
  tional geocentric view of the world articulated by
  Ptolemy and supported by the Catholic Church.
  
  
  • W illiam Harvey or Andreas Vesalius, both of
    whom challenged Galen’s traditional humoral
    views of human anatomy and physiology. William
    Harvey demonstrated that blood circulates around
    the body via the heart, that there is only one cir-
    culatory system (not two, as Galen hypothesized).
    Vesalius studied human anatomy by actually dis-
    secting bodies to observe their structures firsthand.
  
  
  • irS Isaac Newton, in his book Principia, changed
    understanding of astronomy by providing a new
    framework for understanding planetary motion,
    including the law of gravitation. This challenged
    traditional thought by demonstrating that the
    natural world has universal laws which govern its
    behavior, like those of a giant machine.
    c) A good response will identify ONE way in which the
    Scientific Revolution affected political thought, such as:
  
  
  
  


• nlightenmentE philosophers sought to apply simi-
  lar methods of rationalism, reason, and empiricism
  to determine the “natural laws” of human behav-
  ior and society, including the “natural” form of
  government. For example John Locke, in his Two
  Treatises of Government, used logic to determine
  that men are capable of cooperating to form
  governments, and that those are created with the
  consent of the governed. Montesquieu used the
  scientific method to identify perfect conditions
  for different types of governments (republics for
  small states, etc.). He determined that separation
  of powers into three branches provided the ideal
  way to prevent concentration of power.


• tilitarians,U such as John Stuart Mill or Jeremy
  Bentham, attempted to use empiricism to quan-
  tify ethics in political and social policy. They
  advocated that policies be evaluated based on their
  results, and that the best were those that effected
  the greatest good for the greatest number.


• emaleF philosophers in the Enlightenment, espe-
  cially Mary Wollstonecraft, used logic and reason
  to argue for political equality for women. She
  used reason and logic to compare arbitrary sys-
  tems of domination of some groups over others,
  like slavery or monarchy, to the arbitrary political
  subordination of women.

Question 2

Historians have frequently compared the French

Revolution (1789–1799) and the Russian Revolution

(1917–1924), arguing that they are fundamentally similar.

a) A good response will identify how TWO pieces of

evidence support the argument that the French and

Russian Revolutions were similar, such as:

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