Answers and Explanations for AP European History Practice Test 2 (^) ‹ 277
- Competition among European nations for
dominance led to their seeking colonies
abroad, to act as coaling stops or refueling
stations for their naval and commercial ships.
Acquisition of colonies later became an issue
of national pride. A nation’s failure to secure
overseas colonies was construed in that climate
as an unacceptable weakness. - echnologicalT advances like steamships helped
western European powers quickly concentrate
their military might across the world. Superior
weaponry allowed even smaller European mili-
tary units to quell any resistance with relatively
few European casualties. Quinine allowed
Europeans to travel and settle without risk of
malaria, an earlier deterrent.
b) A good response will include TWO ways in
which indigenous populations resisted or
attempted to resist Western European imperi-
alism during this period, such as: - The India Congress Party was formed in India
in 1885. Comprised primarily of Hindu elites
who had taken advantage of British liberal edu-
cations, and inspired by ideas of self-government
and equality, they originally sought economic
changes and a larger role in policy-making. A
more radical faction later emerged which sup-
ported independence from Great Britain. One
of their leaders was Mohandas Gandhi who
encouraged followers and gained international
attention through his acts of civil disobedience. - The Zulu first came into conflict with the
Boers in southern Africa who migrated into
their territory to avoid the encroaching
British, and then became vassals of the Boer-
controlled Natal. When the British took over
the territory, the Zulu resisted. The Zulu
were an African tribe emphasizing military
discipline and organization, which probably
accounts for their early victory against the
British in which their army, with only spears
and superior numbers, defeated a British force
armed with modern weapons. Ultimately,
though, the British prevailed and the Zulu lost
their independence. - The Sepoy Rebellion, also called the Indian
Mutiny, was started by sepoys, who were
Indian soldiers working for the British East
India Company. A rumor circulated that
the grease used to lubricate the cartridges of the
new Enfield rifle contained a mix of cow and
pig fat. Loading the rifles required biting the
end of the cartridge, violating proscriptions
of both Muslim and Hindu religions. This
occurred in the broader context of a grow-
ing resentment against the British who were
transforming Indian ways of life. Thus, sepoys
refused to use the Enfield rifles. Their harsh
sentences prompted other sepoys to attack
their British officers, and later any British,
including women and children. The British
response was swift and violent.- The Boxer Rebellion was so called because the
rebels believed their boxing exercises would
render them impervious to bullets. Formed
from members of the Society of the Righteous
and Harmonious Fists, their goal was to rid
China of all foreigners and foreign influences
(in the form of Chinese Christians). Encouraged
by the Qing dynasty, the Boxers controlled the
area around Beijing, killing both foreigners and
Chinese Christians, and destroying their prop-
erty. Finally an international force, headed by
the United States, recaptured Beijing.
- a) One effect that the development of separate
sphere ideology had on women in the nine-
teenth century was to make any activity outside
the home suspect and, therefore, dangerous to
a woman’s reputation.
The best example of this can be seen in the
logic and enforcement of Britain’s Contagious
Disease Act, first passed in 1864. The Act,
originally intended to curb the spread of vene-
real disease in towns with naval ports, allowed
police to detain any woman suspected of pros-
titution and force her to have a gynecological
exam. In practice, the Act was enforced over
much of Britain, and any woman caught alone
on the streets at night was subject to arrest
and the forced exam because the assumption,
enforced by separate sphere ideology, was that
the only woman who would be out alone after
dark was a prostitute.
Conversely, the development of a separate
sphere ideology in the nineteenth century gave
women more power within the household.
The existence of this effect is more controver-
sial among historians, but one school of think-
ing argues that the restriction of women’s sphere
of action to the home actually increased their
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