Developmental Psychology ❮ 1954. Uninvolved parenting style—makes few demands, shows low responsiveness and
little communication.
For individualistic cultures, the most self-reliant, socially competent children with the
highest self-esteem tend to have warm, authoritative parents.
Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development looks at development across the life
span in a social context in 8 sequential stages during which we are faced with a crisis
to resolve:
Table 13.1 Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Stage Period Crisis Positive resolution
1 First year Trust vs. mistrust Sense of security
2 Second year Autonomy vs. Sense of independence
shame/doubt
3 3 –5 years Initiative vs. guilt Balance between spontaneity
and restraint
4 6 years to Industry vs. Sense of self-confidence
puberty inferiority
5 Adolescence Identity vs. role Unified sense of self
confusion
6 Young Intimacy vs. Form close personal
adulthood isolation relationships
7 Middle Generativity vs. Promote well-being
adulthood stagnation of others
8 Late Integrity vs. Sense of satisfaction with
adulthood despair life well lived
Gender Development
Gender—the sociocultural dimension of being biologically male or female.
Gender roles—sets of expectations that prescribe how males and females should act,
think, feel.
Gender identity—person’s sense of being male or female.
Gender stability—child’s understanding that sex identity is stable over time.
Gender consistency—child’s understanding that his or her sex won’t change even if
he or she acts like the opposite sex.
Gender schema—mental set of what society considers appropriate behavior for each
of the sexes.
Gender role stereotypes—broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs
about males and females.
Androgyny—the presence of desirable masculine and feminine characteristics in one
individual.