248 ❯ Step 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
Token economies are often used in institutions to encourage socially acceptable behaviors
and to discourage socially unacceptable ones.Other Behavior Therapies
Social skills training is a behavior therapy, based on operant conditioning and Albert
Bandura’s social learning theory, to improve interpersonal skills by using modeling, behav-
ioral rehearsal, and shaping. With modeling, the client is encouraged to observe socially
skilled people in order to learn appropriate behaviors. In behavioral rehearsal, the client
practices the appropriate social behaviors through role-playing in structured situations.
The therapist helps the client by providing positive reinforcement and corrective feedback.
Shaping involves reinforcement of more and more complex social situations. Through
social skills training, people with social phobias learn to make friends or date, and former
mental patients learn to deal normally with people outside of the hospital.
Biofeedback training is a widely used behavioral therapy that involves giving the
individual immediate information about the degree to which he or she is able to change
anxiety-related responses such as heart rate, muscle tension, and skin temperature to
facilitate improved control of the physiological process and, therefore, lessen physiologi-
cal arousal.
Behavior therapies have been found effective for treating anxiety disorders (generalized
anxiety disorder, panic disorder) obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder,
alcohol and drug addictions, bed-wetting, sexual dysfunctions, and autism spectrum disorder.
Psychoanalysts discount the quick cure offered by behaviorists. Since behaviorists are
unconcerned with the cause of anxiety, analysts believe that it will resurface in a new form.
Until the unconscious conflict is made conscious, the behaviorist is only “curing” the symptom
of the problem; so through symptom substitution, a new problem will occur. The so-called
cured smoker suddenly begins another compulsive habit, like eating or drinking.Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches
Cognitive therapists, sometimes called cognitive-behavioral therapists, think that abnormal
behavior is the result of faulty thought patterns. Many psychologists consider cognitive therapy
to be an insight therapy. Cognitive-behavior therapy helps clients change both the way they
think and the way they behave. Through cognitive restructuring, or turning the faulty, dis-
ordered thoughts into more realistic thoughts, the client may change abnormal behavior.Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Therapy (RET), which is also called rational
emotive behavior therapy (REBT), based on the idea that anxiety, guilt, depression, and
other psychological problems result from self-defeating thoughts. The therapist has the
client confront irrational thoughts by discussing his or her actions, his or her beliefs about
those actions, and finally the consequences of those beliefs. The actions, beliefs, and conse-
quences he called the ABCs of treatment. For instance, a young man is feeling guilty about
not having helped his mother more before she died. Ellis might have confronted this guilty
belief with a statement like “And you were the only person in the entire universe who could
have helped her, right?” While defending these beliefs, the client may see how absurd they
truly are. Ellis believed that much of this thinking involves the tyranny of the “shoulds,”
what we believe we must do, rather than what is actually realistic or necessary.Cognitive Triad Therapy
Aaron Beck also developed a cognitive therapy to alleviate faulty and negative thoughts. His
cognitive triad looks at what a person thinks about his or her self, his or her world, and his