314 ❯ STEP 5. Build Your Test-Taking Confidence❯ Answers and Explanations
section i- B—(Chapter 18) Conformity. Etan seems to
want the group’s approval and so conforms to its
behavior. - D—(Chapter 5) The humanistic approach believes
that people are good by nature and em phasizes the
need for people to do their best and strive toward
self-actualization. - B—(Chapter 13) Authoritative. Authoritative
families are democratic by nature and, though
there are rules, these are flexible and children
grow up helping to make their own decisions and
accepting responsibility for their behavior. - D—(Chapter 11) An algorithm. This is the
problem-solving technique where there is an
exhaustive search of all possible answers and a
guaranteed solution. - A—(Chapter 8) Absolute threshold. This is the
minimum stimulation at which 50 percent of the
time Bessie can detect the sweetness in the water. - D—(Chapter 10) No longer evokes the condi-
tioned response. Extinction is the elimination of a
learned response. In classical conditioning, when
the UCS is removed and the CS is repeatedly
presented, eventually it will no longer produce the
CR and is extinguished. - C—(Chapter 7) PET. A PET scan shows the
activity in the brain and is useful in allowing
doctors to see where different tasks, such as this
patient’s language, are processed in the brain.
For most people, language is processed in the left
hemisphere. - A—(Chapter 17) Psychoanalytic therapy attempts
to uncover unconscious conflicts, and both dream
interpretation and free association are techniques
used to reach the unconscious. - E—(Chapter 12) Incentive theory attempts to
use rewards to increase positive behavior, and Al’s
mother is trying to motivate him to do better in
school.
10. D—(Chapter 14) Superego. According to
Freudian theory, the superego is the last part
of the personality to emerge and represents our
moral conscience, which would be more likely
to donate money to the homeless than the self-
ish and self-centered id, which operates on the
pleasure principle.
11. C—(Chapter 6) Might have been due to chance.
To be significant, results cannot be the results of
a coincidence, but must depend on the relation-
ship between the factors studied at least 19 out
of 20 times.
12. C—(Chapter 6) 90 appears 3 times and is the
most frequently occurring number in the set.
13. C—(Chapter 15) The AP test measures one’s
achievement or how much was learned in the
year in contrast to an aptitude test, which meas-
ures potential.
14. B—(Chapter 9) Nicotine. Nicotine is a stimu-
lant drug that arouses the central nervous system
and causes some to have an increased sense of
self-confidence.
15. E—(Chapter 10) By answering each e-mail,
Soledad is on a continuous schedule of reinforce-
ment. One learns more quickly under this sched-
ule, but new behaviors are also extinguished
more easily than on intermittent schedules.
16. B—(Chapter 17) Justin has undergone a behav-
ior therapy known as systematic desensitization
in which he unlearns a phobia and replaces it
with relaxation. The procedure described also
utilizes an anxiety hierarchy of progressively
higher level fears involved in his phobia.
17. B—(Chapter 14) According to Skinner, a
famous behaviorist, all behavior is learned and
one can only measure observable behavior, so
personality is reduced to observable behavior.
Feeling, thoughts, and other mentalistic con-
structs cannot be measured accurately.
18. C—(Chapter 11) A flashbulb memory is one
that is extremely vivid and emotional, and is
remembered for years. Like other episodic mem-
ories, it is also likely to be partially confabulated.
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