5 Steps to a 5 AP Psychology 2019

60 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

1. B—Wilhelm Wundt, Hall, and Titchener
   studied the basic elements of consciousness.
   Consciousness is currently called cognition.
   Cognitive psychologists examine thinking,
   memory, etc., using different methods.


2. A—John Watson and B. F. Skinner rejected the
   study of consciousness/mental processes because
   they are private events that cannot be verified
   scientifically. These behaviorists focused on the
   antecedents of a behavior, the behavior, and the
   consequences of the behavior.


3. E—The nature-nurture issue deals with the rela-
   tive contribution of genes and experience to the
   expressions of psychological traits and behaviors.
   4. A—Behaviorists think that what we know is
   gained through learning. The other approaches
   accept that some of our behavior is inborn.
   5. E—Cognitive psychologists focus on how we
   acquire, maintain, and use information.
   6. B—Industrial/organizational psychologists exam-
   ine and assess the conditions, methods, and
   procedures in the workplace and apply psycho-
   logical principles to help improve the working
   envi ronment to increase productivity and job
   satisfaction.

❯ Answers and Explanations

❯ Rapid Review

Psychology—the science of behavior and mental processes.

Monism—seeing mind and body as different aspects of the same thing.

Dualism—seeing mind and body as two different things that interact.

Nature-Nurture Controversy—the extent to which behavior results from heredity or

experience.

Plato and Descartes believed that behavior is inborn (nature).

Aristotle, Locke, Watson, and Skinner believed that behavior results from experience

(nurture).

Schools of psychology:

•   School of Structuralism—early psychological perspective that emphasized units of

consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection.

Wilhelm Wundt—founder of scientific psychology in Leipzig, Germany; studied con-

sciousness using introspection.

G. Stanley Hall—brought introspection to his lab at Johns Hopkins University in the

United States; first president of the American Psychological Association.

Edward Titchener—studied elements of consciousness at his Cornell University lab.

Margaret Floy Washburn—first woman to complete her PhD in psychology.

•   School of Functionalism—early psychological perspective concerned with how an

organism uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment.

William James—wrote Principles of Psychology.

Mary Whiton Calkins—first woman president of the American Psychological

Association.