World Atlas 2010 (4th edition)

72

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

E

D

B

A

C

EUROPE

France, Andorra & Monaco

76

71

65

71

Channel Tunnel

Bretagne

Normandie

soV

g

se

B

uo

gr

o

g

n

e

r

a

So

m

me

Se

in

e

M

a

rn

e

Me

use

Mos

ell

e

aS

nô

e

L

oi

re

North Sea

E

n

g

l

i

s

h

C

h

a

n

n

e

l

Île d’Ouessant

Belle

Île

Jersey

Channel Islands

(UK crown dependency)

Guernsey

FRANCE

SWITZERLAND

UNITED

KINGDOM

NETHERLANDS

GERMANY

LUXEMBOURG

B

E

L

G

IU

M

PARIS

Dijon

Le Mans

Angers

Orléans

Reims

Rennes

Rouen

Tours

Mulhouse

Nancy

Strasbourg

Metz

Besançon

Nantes

Le Havre

Amiens

Caen

Lille

Quimper St.-Nazaire

St.-Brieuc

Alençon

Arras Auxerre

Bar-le-Duc

Beauvais

Belfort

Boulogne- Blois

sur-Mer

Bourges

Calais

Châlons-

en-Champagne

Chartres

Châteauroux

Cherbourg

Colmar

Dieppe

la Roche-

sur-Yon

Laon

Laval

Dunkerque

Épinal

Lorient

la Rochelle

Nevers

Thionville

Troyes

Versailles

Vesoul

Moulins

Mantes-la-Jolie Poitiers

Douai

St.-Lô

St.-Malo

Brest

Work began on the 31-mile (50-km) Channel Tunnel in 1987.Earth was removed at the rate of 2400 tons (tonnes) a dayuntil completion, seven years later. Around 10.5 million cu yards (8 million cu m) had been excavated.

Champagne bottles are placed neck down into a freezing brine bath

(bac à glace)

, freezing

only the bottle’s neck to form a plug that keeps the wine – and the bubbles – in the bottle while sediments are removed.

On July 1, 1916, the British suffered 58,000casualties on the opening day of the SommeOffensive. Five months later, after advancingonly a few miles, there had been 420,000 British,200,000 French, and 500,000 German casualties.