124 / Methods of Development
If so, she takes an average reading. After determining a reasonable reading, the photographer
must next translate that reading into an aperture setting. To create a light picture, she will use a
lower f-stop number, say 8 instead of 16. If she wants the picture darker, perhaps to compen-
sate for glare, she will use a higher f-stop number, say 8 instead of 4. While the numbers move
in the reverse of what seems logical, the rule is that the higher the f-stop number, the smaller
the hole in the lens through which the light can travel. Finally, the third step in the effective
use of aperture settings applies the readings to a series of shots, a practice called “bracket-
ing.” Bracketing calls for using at least a half stop, perhaps as much as one and a half stops,
on either side of the suggested reading. Thus, the photographer shoots at least three shots of
every subject—one shot at the suggested reading as well as one shot a half stop above and
one shot a half stop below. She may even choose to shoot two additional exposures: one a full
stop below and one a full stop above the suggested reading. Effective use of the aperture set-
tings determines photographic success.ANALYSIS of THE SAMPLE TECHNICAL WRITING
The paragraph includes significant techniques for developing effective process analysis
papers:
- The introduction is brief and to the point and offers no enticement beyond the
reader’s need for information. - The topic sentence, the second in this paragraph, focuses on the subject and
helps the reader think in terms of three. - The terminology assumes that the audience is at least roughly familiar with
modern SLR cameras. - Chronological order, essential to the organization of the paragraph, allows the
reader to follow, step by step, to completion. - The transitions move the reader smoothly through the organization.
- The conclusion provides a sufficient ending to the single paragraph and at the
same time suggests the importance of the process described.
With the help of these samples, you should be able to write effective process analy-
ses. Be sure to consult the cross-references in other parts of this book for help with
specific problems.