Western Civilization - History Of European Society

councils legislated so profusely that five new compila- tions were added in less than a century. By the pontificate of Innocent ...

Medieval Religion and Thought161 celibacy. The policy was first adopted by Leo IX, but implementation was gradual because it lef ...

wooden roof, the builders covered the nave, or central isle of the church, with a massive barrel vault that rested upon a cleres ...

Medieval Religion and Thought163 committed on behalf of the faith) from the papacy as an encouragement. The reconquest was not, ...

leaving the kingdom of Granada as the only Muslim enclave in Christian Europe (see map 9.1). Christendom was also on the advance ...

Medieval Religion and Thought165 The Struggle for the Holy Land Christian successes in Spain and Sicily were greeted with enthus ...

massacred, and the region as a whole was divided into the County of Tripoli and three kingdoms organized on the feudal model: Je ...

Medieval Religion and Thought167 cutions, most of which were based on the blood libel that Jews sacrificed Christian children as ...

168Chapter 9 acquired through the observation of Arab models (see illustration 9.5). Unfortunately, the nature of the crusading ...

Medieval Religion and Thought169
The Intellectual Crisis of the Twelfth Century By the beginning of the twelfth century the La ...

known in Baghdad and Cairo than he was in the west and that his logic had been employed for centuries by thinkers who were not C ...

Medieval Religion and Thought171 as an opportunity to expand his royal domain and forced the southerners to surrender in 1229. T ...

The Founding of the Universities The locus of that revival was a new institution: the uni- versity. The first universities emerg ...

Medieval Religion and Thought173 teed only by the papal humiliation of King John in John had supported the town against what he ...

in the modern sense—that is, an ideology or system of belief—but a method for dealing with a wide range of questions in theology ...

Medieval Religion and Thought175 Scotus never saw himself as an opponent of Aquinas. He did not question the usefulness of reaso ...

CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Introduction II. Medieval Technology: Energy, Tools, and Transport III. The Agricultural Revolution of the El ...

Economic Development and Urban Growth in the High Middle Ages 177 sea, but windmills, a Persian invention introduced to Europe a ...

downwind. It was virtually useless in other conditions. Many of the smaller craft were therefore assisted by oars or sweeps and ...

Economic Development and Urban Growth in the High Middle Ages 179 field and a summer crop in another while leaving the third fre ...