Western Civilization - History Of European Society

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228 Chapter 12

The first phase of the war went badly for France.
This is at first sight surprising as England was by far the
smaller and poorer of the two countries with a popula-
tion only one-third that of her rival. The difference lay
in superior leadership. Edward quickly proved to be not
only an able commander, but also a master at extracting
resources from Parliament. By defeating the French in a
naval battle off Sluys in 1340, he secured control of the
English Channel. Subsequent campaigns were fought
on French soil, including the ones that culminated in
the victories of Crécy (1346) and Poitiers (1356). In


both cases, French cavalry employing traditional tactics
were defeated by the imaginative use of longbows in
massed formations.
The treaty of Bretigny (1360) secured a breathing
space of seven years during which the locus of violence
shifted to the Iberian Peninsula. Conflict there centered
on the policies of Pedro of Castile, known to the
Castilian aristocracy as “the Cruel” and to his other sub-
jects as “the Just.” Pedro’s nicknames arose from his ef-
forts to strengthen the crown against the landed
nobility. When he became involved in a border war

Ebr
o
R.

LoireR.

Ga
ron
ne

RhoneR

.

SeineR
.

Mediterranean Sea

English Channel

R.

RhineR.

CRECY
1346

POITIERS 1356

Brest

Rennes

Caen

Cherbourg
Rouen

Tours

Chartres
Brétigny
Orléans
Bourges

Angoulême
Bordeaux

Albi
Toulouse

Cahors
Avignon

Mâcon

Dijon Besançon

Laon

Dover Calais

Southhampton

BRITTANY NORMANDY Reims

BLOIS

MAINE
ANJOU

POITOU
LA MARCHE
SAINTONGE
AQUITAINE
PÉRIGORD
AGENAIS

GUYENNE
GASCONY
ARMAGNAC
BÉARN
BIGORRE
COMMINGES
FOIX

LANGUEDOC

GEVAUDAN

VALENTINOIS

DAUPHINÉ

PROVENCE

AUVERGNE SAVOY

FOREZ

BOURBON

BERRY

NEVERS

BURGUNDY

HOLY ROMAN
CHAMPAGNE EMPIRE

VALOIS

PICARDY

PONTHIEU ARTOIS

FLANDERS

0 100 200 Miles

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

Boundary of kingdom of France, 1360
Lands held by Edward III of England on
accession, 1327
Route taken by Edward III, 1346–47
Route taken by Edward, Black Prince, 1355–57
Site and date of important battle
Lands ceded to Edward III of England
Domain of king of France, 1360
Apanages
Other fields held by king of France

Mediterranean Sea

R.

SeineR.

Ebr
oR
.

English Channel

Ga
ron
ne

RhoneR

.

RhineR.

LoireR.

Brest

Cherbourg
Rouen

Tours

Poitiers

Bourges

Albi
Toulouse

Cahors

Avignon

Dijon
Besançon

Dover Calais

Southhampton

Reims

Chinon

Paris

Amiens

BRITTANY

NORMANDY
MAINE

POITOU

AQUITAINE

GASCONY
ARMAGNAC
LANGUEDOC

DAUPHINÉ

PROVENCE

AUVERGNE SAVOY

BOURBON

NEVERS

HOLY ROMAN
CHAMPAGNE EMPIRE

AGINCOURT
1415

Bayonne

Bordeaux

Narbonne

Nevers

Limburg

ORLEANS 1492

0 100 200 Miles

0 100 200 300 Kilometers

Boundary of kingdom of France, 1429
Boundary of lands left to England, 1377
Route taken by Henry V, 1415–16
Route taken by Joan of Arc, 1429–31
Site and date of important battle
Lands held by Henry VI of England, 1429
Lands held by Charles VII of France
Lands held by duke of Burgundy
Burgundian lands recognizing Henry VI

MAP 12.2
The Hundred Years’ War
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