The Social and Economic Structure of Contemporary Europe6031989, although East Germany (41 percent service to 49
percent industry) and Czechoslovakia (41 percent ser-
vice to 48 percent industry) were drawing close.
The service sector, also called the tertiary sector,
had always existed; it had chiefly been a relatively
small, but necessary, companion to the industrial econ-
omy. The simplest distinction between industrial em-
ployment and service employment is that the former
produces material goods and the latter produces cus-
tomer services. Industrial employment includes mostIllustration 30.2
The Industrial Economy.At the be-
ginning of the twentieth century, heavy
industry was the source of a nation’s
power and wealth. This view (above) of
the Krupp Works at Essen in 1912 was a
fair representation of the great strength
of the German economy, and the dream
of the future for less developed
economies.
At the end of the twentieth century,
heavy industry was in sharp decline
throughout the Western world, and
many of the old centers of industrial and
manufacturing wealth had experienced
the shock of deindustrialization and un-
employment. This image (left) of late
twentieth-century deindustrialization
shows Bristol in the 1960s.