5-1The Persian king Darius III, detail ofPhiloxenos of Eretria,Battle of Issus (FIG. 5-70), Roman mosaic copy of a painting
of ca. 310 bce.Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples.
Greek painters were the first to employ foreshortening consistently, to model figures in color, and to depict reflections and
shadows—practices that became standard in later painting in the Western world.