- 1 What is Earth Science?
- 1.1 Nature of Science
- 1.2 Earth Science and Its Branches
- 2 Studying Earth’s Surface
- 2.1 Introduction to Earth’s Surface
- 2.2 Modeling Earth’s Surface
- 2.3 Topographic Maps
- 2.4 Using Satellites and Computers
- 3 Earth’s Minerals
- 3.1 What are Minerals?.
- 3.2 Identification of Minerals
- 3.3 Formation of Minerals
- 3.4 Mining and Using Minerals
- 4 Rocks
- 4.1 Types of Rocks
- 4.2 Igneous Rocks
- 4.3 Sedimentary Rocks
- 4.4 Metamorphic Rocks
- 5 Earth’s Energy
- 5.1 Energy Resources.
- 5.2 Nonrenewable Energy Resources.
- 5.3 Renewable Energy Resources
- 6 Plate Tectonics
- 6.1 Inside Earth.
- 6.2 Continental Drift
- 6.3 Seafloor Spreading
- 6.4 Theory of Plate Tectonics
- 7 Earthquakes
- 7.1 Stress in the Earth’s Crust.
- 7.2 Nature of Earthquakes
- 7.3 Measuring and Predicting Earthquakes
- 7.4 Staying Safe in Earthquakes
- 8 Volcanoes
- 8.1 Volcanic Activity
- 8.2 Volcanic Eruptions
- 8.3 Types of Volcanoes
- 8.4 Volcanic Landforms and Geothermal Activity
- 9 Weathering and Formation of Soil
- 9.1 Weathering
- 9.2 Soils
- 10 Erosion and Deposition
- 10.1 Water Erosion and Deposition
- 10.2 Wave Erosion and Deposition
- 10.3 Wind Erosion and Deposition
- 10.4 Glacial Erosion and Deposition
- 10.5 Erosion and Deposition by Gravity
- 11 Evidence About Earth’s Past
- 11.1 Fossils
- 11.2 Relative Ages of Rocks
- 11.3 Absolute Ages of Rocks
- 12 Earth’s History
- 12.1 Geologic Time Scale
- 12.2 Early Earth
- 12.3 History of Earth’s Life Forms
- 13 Earth’s Fresh Water
- 13.1 Water on Earth
- 13.2 Surface Water.
- 13.3 Ground Water.
- 14 Earth’s Oceans
- 14.1 Introduction to the Oceans.
- 14.2 Ocean Movements
- 14.3 The Seafloor.
- 14.4 Ocean Life.
- 15 Earth’s Atmosphere
- 15.1 The Atmosphere
- 15.2 Atmospheric Layers.
- 15.3 Energy in the Atmosphere
- 15.4 Air Movement.
- 16 Weather
- 16.1 Weather and Atmospheric Water
- 16.2 Changing Weather
- 16.3 Storms.
- 16.4 Weather Forecasting
- 17 Climate
- 17.1 Climate and Its Causes.
- 17.2 World Climates
- 17.3 Climate Change.
- 18 Ecosystems and Human Populations
- 18.1 Ecosystems
- 18.2 The Carbon Cycle and the Nitrogen Cycle
- 18.3 Human Populations.
- 19 Human Actions and the Land
- 19.1 Loss of Soils.
- 19.2 Pollution of the Land.
- 20 Human Actions and Earth’s Resources
- 20.1 Use and Conservation of Resources
- 20.2 Energy Conservation
- 21 Human Actions and Earth’s Waters
- 21.1 Humans and the Water Supply
- 21.2 Problems with Water Distribution
- 21.3 Water Pollution
- 21.4 Protecting the Water Supply
- 22 Human Actions and the Atmosphere
- 22.1 Air Pollution
- 22.2 Effects of Air Pollution.
- 22.3 Reducing Air Pollution.
- 23 Observing and Exploring Space
- 23.1 Telescopes
- 23.2 Early Space Exploration
- 23.3 Recent Space Exploration
- 24 Earth, Moon, and Sun
- 24.1 Planet Earth
- 24.2 Earth’s Motions
- 24.3 Earth’s Moon
- 24.4 The Sun
- 24.5 The Sun and the Earth-Moon System
- 25 The Solar System
- 25.1 Introduction to the Solar System
- 25.2 Inner Planets
- 25.3 Outer Planets
- 25.4 Other Objects in the Solar System
- 26 Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe
- 26.1 Stars.
- 26.2 Galaxies
- 26.3 The Universe
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