Figure 26.1: A frog with an extra leg.?)The next step is to ask a question about these frogs. For example, you may ask why
so many frogs are deformed. You may wonder if there is something in their environment
causing these defects. You could ask if deformities are caused by such materials as water
pollution, pesticides, or something in the soil nearby.
Yet, you do not even know if this large number of deformities is “normal” for frogs. What
if many of the frogs found in ponds and lakes all over the world have similar deformities?
Before you look for causes, you need to find out if the number and kind of deformities is
unusual. So besides finding outwhythe frogs are deformed, you should also ask:
“Is the percentage of deformed frogs in pond A (your pond) greater than the percentage of
deformed frogs in other places?”
No matter what you observe, you need to find out what is already known about your topic.
For example, is anyone else doing research on deformed frogs? If yes, what did they find out?
Do you think that you should repeat their research to see if it can be duplicated? During
your research, you might learn something that convinces you to alter your question.
Construct a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a proposed explanation of an observation. For example, you might hypoth-
esize that a certain pesticide is causing extra legs. If that’s true, then you canpredictthat
the water in a pond of healthy non deformed frogs will have lower levels of that pesticide.
That’sapredictionyoucantestbymeasuringpesticidelevelsintwosets ofponds, thosewith
deformed frogs and those with nothing but healthy frogs. A hypothesis is an explanation
that allows you to predict what results you will get in an experiment or survey.
The next step is to state the hypothesis formally. A hypothesis must be ”testable.”