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supported the civil rights movement. Carol Polsgrove, Divided Minds

(2001), chronicles the ambivalent reaction of intellectuals to the movement.

Jack Mendelsohn, The Martyrs(1966) commemorates sixteen heroes who

were killed.

Weary Feet, Rested Souls(1998), by Townsend Davis, is a superb guide-

book to civil rights sites.

Movement Beginnings

Catherine Barnes, Journey from Jim Crow(1983), traces the origins and

demise of segregated transit. In The Souls of Black Folk(1903), W.E.B. Du

Bois condemned Booker T. Washington’s accommodationist strategy. David

Levering Lewis, W.E.B. Du Bois(1993, 2000), has written the definitive

biography of the NAACP’s leading voice. E. David Cronon, Black Moses

(1969), is a biography of black nationalist Marcus Garvey.

The interwar period has been a fertile area for historical investigation.

Gunnar Myrdal’s An American Dilemma(1944) is a seminal examination of

black life. John Dollard, Caste and Class in a Southern Town(1937),

Raymond Wolters, Negroes and the Great Depression(1970), Harvard

Sitkoff, A New Deal for Blacks(1978), and Patricia Sullivan, Days of Hope

(1996), examine black southern life and civil rights in the Great Depression.

Charles Hamilton, Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. (1991), traces the rise and fall

of a flamboyant Harlem congressman. Paula Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph

(1990), describes the life of MOWM’s leader. Herbert Garfinkel, When

Negroes March(1969), studies Randolph’s threatened march. John Egerton,

Speak Now Against the Day(1994), discusses white southerners who were

active on civil rights issues in the 1930s and 1940s.

A wide range of black experiences during and right after World War II are

covered in Neil Wynn, The Afro-American and the Second World War

(1976), Richard Dalfiume, Desegregation of the United States Armed Forces

(1969), Louis Ruchames, Race, Jobs, Politics(1948), Lee Finkle, Forum for

Protest(1975), and Robert Shogan and Tom Craig, Detroit Race Riot

(1964). Darlene Clark Hine, Black Victory(1979), looks at the end of the

white primary in Texas. Sudarshan Kapur, Raising Up a Prophet(2001),

traces the appeal of Gandhi to activists before Martin Luther King. Jules

Tygiel, Baseball’s Great Experiment(1984), examines the season when

Jackie Robinson crossed the most sacred color line in sports. Truman’s path-

breaking report on race relations is To Secure These Rights(1947). Septima

Clark, Echo in My Soul(1962), tells of her citizenship classes that helped

blacks register to vote. Ben Green, Before His Time(1999), recounts the

activism and murder of Florida’s NAACP leader, Harry Moore.

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