Black Panthers: A radical group founded in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby
Seale that armed itself against the police and demanded decent housing and
education.
Black Power: A slogan that rejected the civil rights movement’s goals of non-
violence and integration in favor of self-defense and self-determination.
Boycott: An organized campaign to promote civil rights by refusing to buy
goods or services.
Brown v. Board of Education(1954): Crucial Supreme Court decision that
invalidated ‘separate-but-equal’ public schools.
Busing: An unpopular judicial remedy that transported black and white
children to achieve school desegregation.
Buy Black Campaign: The Depression-era strategy for blacks to keep their
money within the black community.
Chicago Freedom Movement: An ill-fated attempt by Martin Luther King to
move the civil rights movement to the North.
Citizens’ Council: A white supremacist organization formed after the Brown
desegregation decision.
Civil Rights Act of 1866: This first civil rights law declared that all native-born
Americans were citizens of the United States, regardless of their race, color,
or previous condition.
Civil Rights Act of 1875: Granted all Americans access to public accommoda-
tions and transportation, and made them eligible for jury service.
Civil Rights Act of 1957: This first civil rights law since Reconstruction estab-
lished the Justice department’s Civil Rights Division and a federal Civil Rights
Commission.
Civil Rights Act of 1960: Authorized federal judges to appoint referees to help
blacks register to vote and provided criminal penalties for violence that
obstructs school desegregation.
Civil Rights Act of 1964: Sweeping legislation that prohibited discrimination in
public accommodations and in hiring, allowed government agencies to with-
hold federal funds from any program permitting discrimination, authorized
the attorney general to file suit to desegregate schools and recreational facil-
ities, and exempted anyone with a 6th grade education from literacy tests for
voting.
Civil Rights Act of 1968: Prohibited discrimination in the rental or sale of
housing, and provided criminal penalties for interfering with one’s civil rights
and for inciting riots.
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