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would have to wait until 1914, when the
Panama Canal connected the two great
oceans.
A desire for more precise knowledge about
the Earth replaced earlier ambitions for gold,
conquest, and global religious dominance.
When Gonzalo Pizarro set out from Quito,
Ecuador, in 1541, for example, he was search-
ing for gold, slaves, cinnamon, and a hos-
pitable place to build an empire. His subordi-
nate Francisco Orellana found the Amazon
River accidentally and explored the waterway
out of a need to survive the harsh environ-
ment and possibly Pizarro’s brutish misman-
agement. By contrast, when French scientist
Charles-Marie de la Condamine went to
Ecuador in 1735, he was sponsored by the
French Academy of Sciences, which sent him(^170) B Discovery of the Americas, 1492–1800
An engraving by Theodor de Bry, this late 15th-century map of the Americas is bordered by (clockwise from
top left) Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan, and Francisco Pizarro. (Library of
Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-89908])
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