(see entry for 1602), disbands as New France is placed
under a royal governor. At the time of the transition
the colony is in disarray, because Iroquois raiders, al-
lies of the English, have been disrupting the French
fur trade. To control the Iroquois, King Louis XIV
sends to New France 1,500 soldiers (see entry for OC-
TOBER 1666), most of whom will later settle there.
1664The Spanish issue laws to restrict Pueblo
trade.
Suspecting that the Apache are obtaining horses and
other supplies through trade with the Pueblo, New
Mexico’s governor forbids non-Pueblo Indians from
entering the Pueblo villages except during specified
times. The order is an attempt to end Apache raids
against Spanish outposts.
September 8
English troops take over New Netherlands.
Three hundred British soldiers march into New
Netherlands and wrest control of the colony from
the Dutch. Severely weakened by its continuing
wars with Indians (see entry for 1655), the colony
no longer has the military strength to resist the in-
vasion. The colony of New Netherlands and the city
of New Amsterdam are both renamed New York by
the British.
1666October
Mohawk villages are attacked by the French.
In an attempt to intimidate their trading rivals,
French troops sent to North American by Louis XIV
(see entry for 1663) invade Mohawk territory and
burn several villages to the ground. The incident pan-
ics the Iroquois, who agree to make peace with the
French the following July. The peace will stay in effect
for nearly 15 years.
1670The Hudson’s Bay Company is established
to promote British trade.
At the suggestion of French traders Pierre Esprit
Radisson and Médard Chouart, sieur des Gro-
selliers, the British Crown grants a royal charter
to the Hudson’s Bay Company, a fur-trading firm
based in the Hudson Bay region of what is now
central Canada. Radisson and Chouart began ob-
taining rich furs from the Indians in the area during
an expedition in 1668–69. They approached the
French with the idea of establishing posts on Hud-
son Bay but were rebuffed and subsequently fined
for trading without the proper license.
The Hudson’s Bay Company soon builds trading
posts along water routes frequented by Indian traders
and hunters. Although the Indians are accustomed to
dealing with the French, many welcome the English,
because they offer quality goods at lower prices. In the
years to come, many Indian groups will be drawn into
violent conflicts arising from the growing rivalry be-
tween English and French traders.August 22Hiacoomes becomes the first Indian
ordained as a minister.
The first ordained Indian minister, Hiacoomes of
the Wampanoag tribe, takes the position of pas-
tor at an Indian church on what is now Martha’s
Vineyard, in Massachusetts. He was converted to
Protestantism in 1642, by a Congregational min-
ister, Thomas Mayhew (see entry for 1649), and
served as Mayhew’s interpreter and assistant until
the clergyman’s death in 1657.1671April 10Metacom surrenders Wampanoag weapons
to the English.
Angered by the rapid growth of English settlements
on their lands, Wampanoag leader Metacom (see