220 Chapter 7 National Growing Pains
Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the same day,
July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of
the Declaration of Independence. People took this
not as a remarkable coincidence, but as a sign from
1808 James Madison is elected president
1810 Macon’s Bill No. 2 removes all restrictions on
commerce with Britain and France
1811 Battle of Tippecanoe shatters Indian confederation
1812 James Madison is reelected president
Congress declares war on Great Britain
USSConstitutionandUnited Stateswin
naval victories
1813 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry destroys British fleet
in Battle of Lake Erie
General William Henry Harrison defeats British in
Battle of the Thames
Tecumseh dies at Battle of the Thames
1814 British burn Washington, DC
Francis Scott Key writes “The Star Spangled
Banner” during bombardment of Fort McHenry
New England Federalists meet at Hartford
Convention
Treaty of Ghent officially ends War of 1812
1815 General Andrew Jackson defeats British at Battle
of New Orleans1816 James Monroe is elected president
1817 Rush-Bagot Agreement limits American and British
forces on Lake Champlain and Great Lakes
1819 United States signs Transcontinental Treaty
with Spain
1819– United States experiences economic depression
1822
1820 James Monroe is reelected president
1820– Missouri Compromise closes Missouri Territory to
1821 slavery, but opens Arkansas Territory to slavery
1820– Cities and manufacturing grow rapidly
1850
1823 Monroe Doctrine says United States will consider
future European colonization in Western
Hemisphere a threat to American peace and
safety
1824– House of Representatives decides election of 1824
1825 in favor of John Quincy Adams, leading to claims
of a “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay
1828 Congress passes Tariff of Abominations, leading to
nullification debateMilestones
Chapter Review
the heavens, an indication that God looked with favor
on the American experiment. Many believed that
patriotism and providence would transcend the inten-
sifying sectionalism. They would be proven wrong.Key Terms
American System Kentucky Senator Henry Clay’s
plan for national economic development; it included
protective tariffs, a national bank, and federal subsi-
dies for railroad and canal construction, 214
Era of Good Feelings A period from 1817 to
1823 in which the disappearance of the
Federalistsenabled the Republicans to govern in
a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony, 209
Hartford Convention A gathering of New
EnglandFederalistsfrom December 1814
through January 1815 to channel opposition to
Thomas Jefferson and the War of 1812. Some
participants may have regarded the meeting as
preparatory to a secession movement by the New
England colonies, 203
Missouri Compromise A legislative deal, brokered
in 1820, that preserved the balance of slave and
free states in the Union by admitting Missouri as a
slave state and Maine as a free state; it also banned
slavery from that part of the Louisiana Territory
north of 36°30', 218
Monroe Doctrine A foreign policy edict, pro-
pounded by President James Monroe in 1823,
declaring that the American continents were no
longer open to European colonization or exploita-
tion and that the United States would not interfere
in the internal affairs of European nations, 206
Tariff of Abominations An exceptionally high tar-
iff, passed in 1828, that provoked Vice President
John C. Calhoun to write the “South Carolina
Exposition and Protest”—a defense of the doc-
trine of nullification, 216
Transcontinental Treaty Also called the Adams-
Onís Treaty. Ratified in 1821, it acquired Florida
and stretched the western boundary of the
Louisiana Territory to the Oregon coast, 206
War Hawks Young congressional leaders who in
1811 and 1812 called for war against Great Britain
as the only way to defend the national honor, 198
War of 1812 A war fought by the United States
and Britain from 1812 to 1815 over British
restrictions on American shipping, 198