I8 Index
Cities(continued)
streetcars in, 500–501
in West, 436
white flight and, 839
Citizenship, Fourteenth Amendment
and, 409–410
Citizen soldiers, 712
City bosses, 540–541
City managers, 561
“Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), 287
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC),
687, 690f
Civil liberties
violations of, during red scare, 635
during World War I, 623–624
Civil Rights Act (1866), 408
Civil Rights Act (1875), 537
Civil Rights Act (1964), 772, 776f
Civil rights cases, 537, 545f
Civil rights movement
in 1960s, 769–771
desegregation and, 757–758
Johnson and, 772
Montgomery Bus Boycott
and, 758
student radicalism and, 778–780
white flight and, 839
Civil service reform, in post–Civil
War period, 533
Civil unions, 835f
Civil War
African American soldiers in,
385–386, 396–397
Antietam, 382–383
avoidability of, 354
Bull Run, battle of, 376–377
casualties in, 376f, 377, 380, 382,
391, 392, 398f
Chickamauga, battle of, 389
consequences of, 398
desertion during, 428–429
draft riots in, 384–385
economic effects of, 374,
389–390
Emancipation Proclamation and,
383–385
financing of, 377, 378–379
Fort Sumter, 372–374, 373f
generals in, 380–382, 387–389
Gettysburg campaign, 386–388,
387 m
Peninsular Campaign, 381–382,
382 m
Petersburg, siege of, 392
politics during, 377–378
reason for loss by South in, 394
reasons for, 373–374
recruitment during, 375, 375f
Sherman’s march in, 393f, 395
surrender by South in, 392m, 398
turning points in, 393f
Vicksburg campaign, 387–389,
388 m
in West, 379–380, 380m
women in, 390–391, 390f
Civil Works Administration, 691
Clark, Christopher, 237
Clark, Jonas, 513
Clark, William, 182–185, 182f
Clarke, Edward Y., 654
Clark Memorandum, 673
Clark University, 513
Class distinctions, 490
Classical economists, 471–472, 514
Class mobility, 490–491
Clay, Henry, 341
in 1824 election, 214f, 218, 249
in 1832 election, 252, 253
in 1840 election, 263
American System of, 214, 219
background of, 213–214
Bank of the United States contro-
versy and, 254
Compromise of 1850 and,
312–315, 313f, 346
election of 1844 and, 304
Harrison administration and,
266, 298
Missouri constitution and, 218
National Republican party
and, 260
nullification crisis and, 259
sectional issues and, 210f
on spoils system, 251
Treaty of Ghent and, 203
War of 1812 and, 199
Clayton, John M., 348
Clayton Antitrust Act, 577, 578f
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 590, 603
Clean Air Act, 789f
“Clear and present danger”
doctrine, 624
Clemenceau, Georges, 629f, 630, 674
Clemens, Samuel L. SeeTwain, Mark
Clement VII (pope), 30
Clermont(ship), 236
Cleveland, Grover, 536f
depression of 1893 and, 545–546
election of 1884 and, 535–536
election of 1892 and, 543
election of 1896 and, 546
foreign policy of, 590, 591
immigration and, 495
labor movement and, 480–481
presidency of, 535–536
Pullman strike and, 481Cleveland, Ohio, 468
railroad land grants and, 448
Clews, Elsie, 615
Climate change, 874–875
Climate Protection Agreement, 875
Clinton, Bill, 584, 854f
“don’t ask, don’t tell” policy
of, 834
economy during, 852, 853–854
election of 1992 and, 850–851
election of 1996 and, 852
foreign policy of, 854–855
impeachment of, 852–853
Kennedy and, 850f
legacy of, 853–855
Lewinsky and, 852–853, 853f
life of, 850
as president, 851–855
Republican majority and,
851–852
scandals of, 850, 851–852
Clinton, DeWitt, 239
Clinton, George, 153, 183
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 850, 852
Clinton, Sir Henry, 123, 124,
125, 127
Clipper ships, 336, 336f
Clothes, colonial, 63–64
Clovis blades, 4, 6
Coal industry, 330, 421, 464,
570–571
Cochrane, Alexander, 202
Cockburn, George, 202
Cod, 27
Coercive Acts, 108, 109, 123
Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, 481
Coinage Act, 544–545
Coit, Stanton, 506
Cold Harbor, Battle of, 392, 393f
Cold Mountain(film), 428–429
Cold War, 737
African Americans during, 756–758
containment policy and, 739–740,
744–745
Cuban Crises and, 766–768
defense spending during, 745
end of, 814
escalation of, 754f
at home, 755–756
Latin American during, 754–755
McCarthyism and, 748–749
Reagan and, 807
Cole, Edward, 737
College graduates, unemployed, 664
College of Philadelphia, 88
College of William and Mary, 64
Colleges and universities, 88
See alsoHigher education