A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Figure 5.1: Saint-Germain of Auxerre (12th cent.) The architecture and sculpture of twelfth-century churches like Saint-Germain ...

between 1093 and 1133 in the north of England), the stone itself is a warm yellow/pink color, given added zest by piers incised ...

Plate 5.3: Durham Cathedral, Interior (1093–1133). Huge and imposing, Durham Cathedral is also inviting and welcoming, with its ...

Plate 5.4: Sant Tomàs de Fluvià, The Last Supper, Painted Vault (early 12th cent.). Sant Tomàs was one of many monastic and pari ...

Plate 5.5: Cathedral Complex, Pisa (11th–12th cent.). The tower is part of a large complex that was meant to celebrate Pisa’s em ...

Plate 5.6: Saint-Lazare of Autun, Nave (1120–1146). In this view down the nave, reminiscent of what medieval worshippers would h ...

As at many Romanesque churches, the portals and the capitals (the “top hats” on the columns) at Autun were carved with complex s ...

(or apse), the far eastern part of the church, had space for pilgrims to visit the tomb of Lazarus, which held the precious bone ...

Not all medieval people agreed that such opulent decoration pleased or praised God, however. At the end of the eleventh century, ...

Plate 5.8: Carthusian Diurnal from Lyon (12th cent.). A Diurnal contains daytime monastic chants. On this page, the scribe has i ...

Another new monastic order, the Cistercian, expanded rapidly. The first Cistercian house was Cîteaux (in Latin, Cistercium), fou ...

The Cistercians had few such diversions, but the simplicity of their buildings and of their clothing also had its beauty. Illumi ...

Plate 5.9: Fontenay Abbey Church, Interior (1139–1147). Compare the bare walls of this Cistercian church with the frescoes of Sa ...

True to their emphasis on purity, the Cistercians simplified their communal liturgy, pruning the many additions that had been ta ...

Figure 5.3: Plan of Fountains Abbey (founded 1132) The choir monks dedicated themselves to private prayer and contemplation and ...

Cistercian abbots met to hammer out legislation for all of them. Cistercian monasteries held large and highly organized farms an ...

Plate 5.10: Jael, Humility, and Judith (c.1140). In this early manuscript of the extremely popular Mirror of Virgins, exemplary ...

***** In the twelfth century, Europe was coming into its own. Growing population and the profitable organization of the countrys ...

1099–1291 Crusader States in the Holy Land 1122 Concordat of Worms c.1140 Publication of Gratian’s Decretum 1142 Death of Peter ...

Notes 1 Frederick of Hamburg’s Agreement with Colonists from Holland, in Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium ...