622 Hijra; Muhammad’s migration from Mecca to Medina
624 Battle of Badr
633 Beginning of Islamic conquests outside of Arabia
661 Death of Ali
661–750 Umayyad caliphate
664 Synod of Whitby
c.680 Holy images come to be valued as “icons”
681 Bulgars enter Byzantine territory
711–715 Conquest of Spain by Islamic-led armies
726–787, 815–843 Iconoclasm at Byzantium
